1. TAXONOMY: THE SCIENCE OF CLASSIFICATION
Lesson 3
TAXONOMY: THE SCIENCE OF CLASSIFICATION

2. RECAP TIME BIO FACTS

3. Competencies 1. Identify, review the concepts of Basic Concept of Taxonomy 2. Identify the characteristics and examples of 5 Kingdom Approach

4. Activity (10 mins)
Guide Questions:
1. What do you think are the bases of classifying organisms?
2. How do you think did taxonomist classify animals?

5. 1. Aristotelian System of Classification
Historical Background:
1. Aristotelian System of Classification
- he grouped the plant into 3: tree, shrub and herbs
- animals into: land, water and air dwellers

6. Theosphrastus of Ephesus – 7th Century –
- system of classification based on uses/functionality.

7. 3. Artificial or Linnean System of Classification
– based on superficial characteristics.

8. Natural System of Classification
– True affinities or similarities of species.
Binomial Nomenclature – two naming system
Based on Five Kingdom Approaches:
Kingdom Monera
– Bacteria - Prokaryotic
2. Kingdom Protista
– Animal- Plant-Like –Eukaryotic
3. Kingdom Plantae
– contains chlorophyll – Eukaryotic
4. Kingdom Animalia
– Eukaryotic
5. Kingdom Fungi
-Multinucleate plant-like
organism
- Eukaryotic

9. 5. Phylogenetic System of Classification
– latest and widely accepted system of classification
– based on genetic relationship of organisms.
Based on two groups:
A. Monerans – Archae
and Eubacteria

10. Archae –
anaerobic – early earth – recycling components
Examples: halophiles, methanogenes and thermophiles.
Eubacteria –
modern day bacteria- disease causing and beneficial used in fermentation.
- Examples: spirochetes, Gram positive, proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, chlamydias

11. - Eukaryotic groups: plants, fungi, protist, animals
B. Eukarya –
- Eukaryotic groups: plants, fungi, protist, animals

12. Natural System of Classification or Systema Naturae
Divided the organisms into groupings:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

13. Binomial Nomenclature or scientific name: advantage and disadvantage?

14. Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
- no nuclear membrane -with nuclear membrane
- Genetic materials are naked - enclosed
- ribosomes attached to Plasma - attached to rough ER
membrane
- enzymes are attached to Plasma - attached to mitochondria

15. The Five Kingdom Approach:
A.Kingdom Monera
– organisms with prokaryotic cells, unicellular either photosynthetic or chemosynthetic, no nuclear membrane.
Division Schizophyta
– true bacteria
2. Division Cyanophyta – blue-green algae

16. B.Kingdom Protista –
organisms with eukaryotic cells, true sexual processes with nuclear fusion.
- Unicellular with diverse nutritional methods including photosynthesis, absorption and ingestion.
1. Division Euglenophyta – Flagellates

17. Division Pyrrophyta
– Fire plants or dinoflagellates
Division Chrysophyta
– Golden Brown Algae

18. Division Xanthophyta
– Yellow Green Algae
Division Protozoa
– Single–celled organism

19. C.Kingdom Plantae – organisms with multicellular bodies, cell-walled and frequently vacuolated, with photosynthetic pigments in plastid. Reproduction primarily asexual.
Division Chlorophyta
– Green Algae
2. Division Rhodophyta
– Red Algae

20. 6. Division Psilophyta
– Psilophytes
7. Division Anthophyta
– Flowering plants
8. Division Cycadophyta
– Cycads

21. 3. Division Phaeophyta
– Brown Algae
4. Division Bryophyta
– Bryophytes – moss
5. Division Lycopodophyta
– Club mosses

22. 9. Division Tracheophyta
–vascular plants
10.Division Arthrophyta
– horsetails
11.Division Coniferophyta
–Conifer
Division Pterophyta
– Ferns

23. D. Kingdom Animalia –organism with eukaryotic nuclei, multicellular body, no cell wall and no plastid. Nutrition is by ingestion. Reproduction primarily sexual.
Division Porifera
– sponges- pore bearing animals
2. Division Cnidaria/Coelenterata
– Hollow bodied or nettle animals

24. 3. Division Ctenophora
– comb jellies
4. Division Platyhelminthes
– Flatworms
5. Division Nematoda or Nemahelminthes
– round worms

25. 6. Division Annelida
– segmented worms
7. Division Mollusca
– Mollusks
8. Division Echinodermata
– spiny-skinned animals

26. 9. Division Arthropoda
– Joint- legged animals
10.Division Hemichordata
– Tongue worms or acorn worms
11.Division Chordata
– Chordates

27. E. Kingdom Fungi – multinucleate plantlike organism lacking photosynthetic pigment. Nutrition is through absorption.
Division Myxomycophyta
– slime molds
2. Division Eumycophyta
– True Fungi

28. Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

29. Application Template 3: Sketch 1 representative per division based on the 5 Kingdoms