1. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

2. How does your body get energy?

3. EATING!
When we eat, our food is broken down in our bodies to get energy out of it.

4. What is energy?
the ability to do work

5. What does energy look like in your cells?
In cells, energy is stored in the form of ATP!

6. ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate
One big molecule that is made of 5 smaller molecules bonded together.
Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

7. How does ATP give cells energy?
ATP breaks apart and releases its energy.
Example: those candies that you break apart and they have the little pieces of candy in them.
ENERGY!!!

8. When ATP breaks apart, it releases energy and loses a phosphate group.
That means that it is now ADP

9. So, after ATP breaks apart and releases its energy, then what happens?
??????
ADP

10. It is recharged
ADP uses energy and gains an extra P and is recharged back to ATP
ADP
ATP
Energy
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially
charged
battery
Fully
charged
battery

11. Released? Stored? What happens to a phosphate bond when energy is…
Phosphate bond is broken
Stored?
Energy is stored when the phosphate bonds are formed.
Energy is released when the phosphate bonds are broken.
DO ACTIVITY W/ THE MARSHMALLOWS AND CANDY ORANGE SLICES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Phosphate bond is formed

12. We eat to get energy. How do the things that we eat get energy?

13. Remember this?.... Where does the original energy come from? Producer
Consumers

14. The SUN!!! The sun is the number one source of energy.
Plants and algae use energy from sunlight to grow and make their own energy.
How do they do this?

15. + + By a process called photosynthesis.
Photo-synthesis: “putting together with light” + +
Get students to think about the word photosynthesis…. Draw back on their root words and have them try to separate the word on their own to figure out what it means!
So when a plant combines the energy from sunlight with water and carbon dioxide from the air, it gets energy!

16. The chemical reation of photosynthesis is…
6H2O + 6CO2 + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

17. Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

18. Photosynthesis happens in the leaves of the plant!
We take in oxygen by breathing. How does carbon dioxide get into the leaves of the plants?
The stomata!
small openings in the leaves of the plant.

19. Leaves have special parts called chloroplasts!
Inside each chloroplast is where the photosynthesis reaction takes place.

20. O O

21. Why don’t we get energy from sunlight when we spend time outside??
Chloroplasts in plants have a molecule called chlorophyll that has the ability to absorb the energy from sunlight.
Tell students that it seems whenever we go out in the sun for a long time we fill tired. Plants get energy from it… what’s up with that???

22. Chlorophyll is a pigment
A pigment is a light absorbing molecule.
Chlorophyll is what gives leaves their green color.
Stop and do the first part of the of the chlorophyll extraction lab!!!

23. If plants get their energy from sunlight, how do they survive at night?
Photosynthesis has 2 parts, one that takes place in light and one that takes place in dark.

25. Light Reactions LIGHT WATER
The “photo” part!
LIGHT
WATER
Purpose: to take sunlight and turn it into chemical energy (ATP)
LIGHT REACTIONS
Needs chlorophyll!
ATP
OXYGEN

26. Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction)
The “synthesis” part
CARBON DIOXIDE
ATP
Purpose: to take carbon dioxide and make glucose
CALVIN CYCLE
GLUCOSE

27. Chloroplast H2O CO2 Light Light Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP
Sugar (Glucose) O2

28. This process is called chemosynthesis.
There is another type of producer that uses chemicals to make food instead of light.
This process is called chemosynthesis.
Example of a chemosynthesizer is bacteria found in deep sea vents where there is little light and food.

29. How do we know that photosynthesis takes place?
Have students think about his question.
Ask them more questions to probe… like what proof do we have…

30. We can see the organelles that participate in photosynthesis with a microscope!
Micro = small
Scope = to look at

31. Robert Hooke was the first person to use the term “cell” when looking under a microscope.
He looked at cork under a microscope.

32. There are many types of microscopes…
A simple light microscope was the first type of microscope.
Has very low magnification!

33. What we will use in class!!!
A compound light microscope uses light and lenses to magnify an image.
Magnifies image 40x
What we will use in class!!!

34. There are 2 types of electron microscopes
An electron microscope uses a beam of electrons instead of light.
It can magnify up to 500,000x!
There are 2 types of electron microscopes
TEM: transmission electron microscope
SEM: scanning electron microscope
Magnifies an image of the surface of an object
Magnifies an image of the inside of an object

35. Eyepiece Objective Lens Arm Stage Fine Focus Knob Diaphragm
Eyepiece: what you look through to see the image
Arm: used to carry the microscope
Stage: supports the slide
Base:
Light Source:
Objective Lens:
Diaphragm: regulates the amount of light going through slide
Fine Focus Knob: turned to clear blurry pictures
Coarse Focus Knob: used to bring objects into rapid focus first
Light Source
Base
Coarse Focus Knob

36. How do you use a microscope?
Always start on low power!
Use the coarse adjustment until specimen comes into focus.
Change from low to medium power.
Use fine adjustment to bring object into focus.

37. What will you see? Your image will appear inverted and backwards!
Image on stage
Image you see in eyepiece

38. How do our bodies take food and make it into energy?

39. Cellular Respiration!
Cellular respiration is a chemical process in which glucose molecules are broken down to release energy (ATP) for cellular functions

40. What types of organisms undergo cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration occurs in ALL living cells!

41. What happens to the food we eat?
1. We break our food down into small molecules
2. We use the energy stored in the bonds in our food to make ATP
3. A small amount of the food becomes waste

42. What are some of the things that our body does that requires energy?
Physical Activities
Running
Playing sports
Pumping our hearts
Cellular Activities
Sending messages to our brain
Transporting molecules in and out of our cells

43. Cellular Respiration is a chemical reaction!
During chemical reactions, molecules break apart and rearrange to make new molecules.

44. O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)
Like photosynthesis, cellular respiration has a specific chemical reaction that happens every time. + 
We breathe out carbon dioxide
We breathe in oxygen and get glucose from our food
O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)
(reactants)
(products)

45. Anaerobic respiration
Cellular respiration can be divided into 2 main parts.
Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration

46. Anaerobic Respiration
Happens in the cytoplasm of a cell
Does NOT need oxygen!

47. Aerobic Respiration Happens in the mitochondria of a cell
Requires oxygen

48. The steps in cellular respiration…
Step 1: Glycolysis

49. Glycolysis is an anaerobic respiration process…
____
___
glucose
to break apart
cytoplasm
Glycolysis is an anaerobic respiration process…
cytoplasm
Therefore, glycolysis happens in the ___________ and does NOT require ________.
oxygen

50. (breaking apart glucose)
Glycolysis
(breaking apart glucose)
1. Food (glucose) enters the cytoplasm of the cell.
cytoplasm

51. Glycolysis 2. Enzymes break glucose into 2 molecules.
(breaking apart glucose)
2. Enzymes break glucose into 2 molecules.
This part uses 2 ATP molecules!!
2 ATP
+ GLUCOSE
2 PYRUVIC ACIDS

52. (breaking apart glucose)
Glycolysis
(breaking apart glucose)
3. When the bonds in glucose break, energy is released and stored in 4 ATP!!

53. *** The net gain of glycolysis is 2 ATP***
Glycolysis makes 4 ATP and uses 2 ATP
*** The net gain of glycolysis is 2 ATP***

54. The products of glycolysis are…
Recap!
The products of glycolysis are…
Pyruvate
2 ATP’s

55. Therefore, the process must continue!!!
After finishing glycolysis the cell has only taken out 10% of one glucose molecule!
Therefore, the process must continue!!!

56. The steps in cellular respiration…
Step 1: Glycolysis
Step 2: ????????????
The next step depends on what the conditions of the cell are.

57. Anaerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Is there is oxygen available to the cell?
YES!
NO!
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration

58. Aerobic Respiration
(1 Glucose)
(2 Pyruvates)
The products of glycolysis move into the mitochondria where they are used for aerobic respiration.

59. Aerobic Respiration Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain
During aerobic respiration, 2 processes take place in the mitochondria.
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

60. The Krebs Cycle
KREBS CYCLE!

61. Electron Transport Chain
Uses high energy electrons to convert ADP to ATP.
Also forms water!

62. Together the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain make 34 ATP molecules!

63. O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)
Aerobic Respiration
O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)
Made in Krebs Cycle
Made in Electron Transport Chain
TOTAL PRODUCTS:
CO2
H2O
ATP

64. Anaerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Is there is oxygen available to the cell?
YES!
NO!
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration

65. Anaerobic Respiration
Releasing energy from food molecules by producing ATP WITHOUT oxygen
Remember, anaerobic respiration happens in the ___________.
cytoplasm

66. 2 types of Anaerobic Respiration
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation

67. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Occurs in ANIMAL cells when oxygen is ABSENT
Occurs during rapid periods of exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues/muscles

68. Why do our muscles burn after we workout?
Lactic acid fermentation taking place in our muscles!

69. Alcoholic Fermentation
Occurs is PLANT cells and YEAST in the ABSENCE of oxygen

70. How does yeast make bread rise?
One of the products of alcoholic fermentation is carbon dioxide.
The carbon dioxide makes the little air pockets in bread and makes it rise.

71. Anaerobic Respiration
O2 + C6H12O6  CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP)
Even though anaerobic respiration is completed in a different way, the products are the same as in aerobic respiration!!!!!
TOTAL PRODUCTS:
CO2
H2O
ATP