1. Announcements
Exam 11/9

2. Protecting habitat in other countries
Debt-for-nature swaps
Buy debt a developing country has and agree to cancel it if the country protects land

3. V. Environmental Conservation
Aim is to manage or regulate use so that it does not exceed the species or systems capacity to renew itself
Sustainable
Does not imply no use by humans

4. Forest and grasslands cover 60% of the land on the planet
Most of the remaining forest is in the tropics or boreal regions

5. Threats to forests
Wood is important commodity in modern economy
Consume more wood than steel and plastic combined
1/2 of all wood used for cooking and heating

6. 1/2 of all wood used for cooking and heating
Increased demand for paper pulp

7. Problem:
Clear cutting of forest
Soil erosion

8. Grassroots efforts to stop clear cutting
Ex. India, Chipko movement “movement to hug trees” – prevented logging of at risk land

9. Better Practices
Selective cutting – remove small sections of forest
Thinning the forest
Replant with several native species or allowed to grow back naturally

10. Threats to grasslands
Overgrazing leads to desertification
Desertification is the conversion of fertile land to desert

11. The problem:
55% of our public rangelands are in poor condition
Cattle grazing regarded as the greatest threat to endangered species in southwestern U.S.

12. Solutions:
Rotational grazing – move animals around to graze each area a little
Switch to wild species which are easier on the land
American Bison

13. The Park system
Originally
Parks were meant to preserve an area
Naturally buffered by being remote.

14. Problems:
Many parks have become islands of nature.
Some parks are overcrowded with people
People demand services – golf courses, laundry, video arcades, bars, grocery stores

15. Off road vehicles disturb vegetation and wildlife
People demand services – golf courses, laundry, video arcades, bars, grocery stores
Off road vehicles disturb vegetation and wildlife
Ex. Yellowstone, 1,000 snowmobiles daily in winter.
Park rangers at western entrance had to wear respirators. Noise of machines drove many bison out of the park where they were shot on public land

16. Mining and oil companies push for rights to mine/drill in parks
Park rangers at western entrance had to wear respirators. Noise of machines drove many bison out of the park where they were shot on public land

17. Build wildlife corridors to connect fragmented habitat
Solutions:
Build wildlife corridors to connect fragmented habitat

18. Build wildlife corridors to connect fragmented habitat
Solutions:
Build wildlife corridors to connect fragmented habitat
Create new parks to relieve overcrowding and protect more habitat
Find ways to manage resources sustainably

19. How does the population growth factors change as a country becomes industrialized
Death rate decreases, birth rate decreases
Death rate decreases, birth rate increases
Death rate increases, birth rate decreases
Death rate increases, birth rate increases

20. Poor countries stay poor One’s Ecological Footprint must get smaller
In a sustainable society, as the world’s population grows the following must happen
Poor countries stay poor
One’s Ecological Footprint must get smaller
Everyone’s Ecological Footprint gets bigger
Ecological Footprint does not change 9

21. Small populations are at increased risk of extinction because of
Lack of genetic variation
Too much genetic variation
High fecundity
Low infant mortality 10

22. Umbrella species are important to maintain because
It doesn’t cost much to save them
These are high profile animals (panda, polar bear etc)
Protecting its habitat will protect several other species
None of the above 10