1. The Research Paper
Hawaii Career & Technical Education Performance- Based Assessment
CTE PBA April 28 & 29, 2014
Welcome- today I will explain how to write a research paper as required by the Hawaii Career and Technical Education Performance Based Assessment or CTE PBA held each year in April. This year it will be held on April 28 and 29 at the Sheraton.

2. The Components of PBA Research Paper Written Tests
Product/Performance Task
Oral Presentation
Topic announced November 22, 2013
The research paper is the first of four components (which are: Research Paper, written tests, product/skill performance, and the oral presentation) in the PBA. The topic for each Program of Study PBA will be announced on November 22, 2013.

3. What a Research Paper Could Be:
Other classes may require a research paper.
Might have different guidelines: such as purpose, length, formatting
Topic focus might be: to compare and contrast, to argue, to solve a problem.
Most English, Social Studies and Science classes require a research paper of some sort. Each teacher may have slightly different guidelines in writing a research paper that might affect the purpose, length, and formatting of the paper. Some requirements might focus the purpose of the research on a compare and contrast model, argumentative writing, or solving a particular problem, or a host of other purposes.

4. CTE Research Paper
CTE Research Paper will INFORM the reader and author on a given topic.
CCSS- Informational Text Reading/Writing
Research that Informs:
Presents Topic
Expands the Knowledge Base
Offers a Perspective
Builds necessary background for PBA scenario
For our purposes, the CTE Research Paper will be one that INFORMS the reader, as well as the authors, about a given topic, Which addresses the Common Core State Standards in informational textual reading and writing in providing supporting evidence and analysis of topic.
So exactly what is a research paper that Informs? Well, it presents the topic and various findings of the topic to the reader. It expands the knowledge base, which is to say, grows the understanding of the topic presented that may or may not have been known prior to starting the research. And it will offer a perspective of the topic and the accompanying research that is discovered. This purpose of Informational writing- will give students the necessary background, provided the research is done on the topic, that will help the students later in the PBA scenario that will be disclosed on April 28.

5. Pay Attention to the Topic
Topic: "Advancements in Emergency Medical Response and Trauma Care".
Research should include
The Evolution of medical advancements which have impacted the field of Emergency Medical Response.
A Timeline of these events should be included in the appendix.
And conclude with the future direction of Trauma Care and its effect on the health care industry.
All research must be supported with evidence.
So the first job of the research writer is to attend, or pay attention to the topic at hand. Read and look carefully at all the components that may be asked of the research paper. Lets look at this example. If the topic asks you to research the Evolution of Medical Advancements that have impacted the filed of Emergency Medical Response- then the paper should be about advancements that over time- evolution is the key word here- that have impacted Emergency Medical Response, not say another field of Medicine like, Dermatology or Health and Nutrition Advancements. It better be about multiple advancements, because the topic states advancements- not one advaancement. You might laugh, but one such paper was written on one advancement. If a timeline needs to be included in the Appendix, then make sure it is. If the topic is about the best way to grow tomatoes, you would want to find research that supports everything about the growth of tomatoes, not potatoes, and the BEST way to grow them, backed by research, not the so-so way to grow them. So read the topic and its requirements carefully, so as not to miss the mark on such a basic requirement.

6. Understand Topic Requirement
Research Topic
Choose research that Supports the Topic
Reliable Sources
Wikipedia-
not reliable
broad brushstroke of topic
look at references attached – which can help with starting the research process
Understanding your topic requirement is important to researching your paper. And if you don’t know the topic, not to worry, all the research that you will uncover, will help you understand, grow and gain perspective on said topic. Which again is the purpose of this CTE research paper: Writing to Inform on a topic. Next, you are going to choose research that supports the topic.
Quick word on reliable research: you want to read articles and journals from which to glean your research which hopefully are primary sources, or secondary sources- which I will go into depth later in this presentation.
A word of caution: Wikipedia, in and of itself is not a primary source nor reliable
secondary source.- that’s because anyone – and I mean anyone, can come up with a wikipedia page. So, it is not trustworthy. But, what might be good about Wikipedia, is a couple of things. #1; It gives you a quick over view of a topic, - a broad brushstroke of the topic, again take it with a grain of salt. #2: You can look at the references, presumably for the research of the wikipedia page. You can look at those references to check them out for yourself. This might be a good way to start your in-depth research .

7. TIPS Start Early Collect research, references
Organize them, so can refer to them periodically
Cannot write a well written ten-page paper in one week.
Drafts
2 people are writing which means writing styles have to appear as one consistent voice.
A couple of TIPS.
Start early. Once you get the topic, start collecting research on it, and tag/bookmark your pages, references, keep a running log of your sources that you will pull from to fashion your research paper.
One cannot write a well written ten-page paper in one week. Why? Because there will be drafts,- drafts to check for spelling, grammar, organization, analysis, formatting. Another thing- 2 people are writing this research paper, which means writing styles have to appear as one consistent voice.

8. Analysis of Topic
Analysis of research topic to INFORM the reader (and author) is the main intent.
Author will gain in topic knowledge, gain topic perspective
to prepare for PBA scenario
Before I get into formatting your paper, just keep in mind, the main outcome of a research paper assignment is to prove that you can analyze a topic and support your findings with reliable research and resources. This analysis of information to inform the reader(and author) is the main intent of the research component to the PBA.

9. Why Format is Important
Readers
Gains understanding as they read
Organizes their thoughts as they read
Citations/references can be used in their own work
Authors
Gains understanding as they write
Organizes thoughts as they write
Cite all works for research-
Honors researchers’/work/words
avoids plagiarism
Why format a paper? What’s the big deal with formatting?
Well formatting helps readers understand what they are reading, and organize their thoughts as they read, and allows them to check out citations, references in work if they choose to, say use it in their own work.
For the author: It helps the authors to understand what they write, and helps them to organize that writing. It also, helps authors to cite all work that was derived from research. This is important, because it honors the reliable researchers’ work/word and one wants to avoid plagiarism. More on this later.

10. American Psychology Association Format Overview
A few important APA
guidelines will be
expected on
CTE Research Paper
To format the CTE research paper, use the American Pyscholgy Association Format or APA format, which I will give a brief overview on in the next few slides. APA is one format for writing research papers. It is not the only format, but it is the format that we will use in this CTE research paper. Because there are many parts to APA and we know that you are not yet in college- where requirements are more in depth, and we are writing a paper to INFORM, we are going to expect a few important guidelines regarding APA.

11. Standard Format: Standard 8.5” x 11” paper 1” margins on all sides
Double-spaced
12 point type
Times New Roman font
No auto-hyphenation
The Standard Format for the overall paper should be: (slide- 8.5x11”, 1” margin on all sides, double-spaced, Times New Roman 12 point font, no auto hyphenation.)

12. Structure: Title Page Table of Contents Abstract Main Body References
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
References
Appendices
The order of which the paper is put together is called the “structure” of the paper.
The structure is the following: Title Page, Table of Contents, Abstract, Main Body- which includes introduction, body, conclusion, then References, Appendices

13. Title Page:
Full title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page.
No more than 12 words in length
May take up one or two lines
Double-spaced
School Name, Students’ Names, Head Teacher, Principal
Submission Date
The Title Page should be formatted in the following manner; (read slide)

14. This is a sample title page
This is a sample title page. The page is cropped to fit on this presentation, but rest assured the typed information is centered and in the upper half of page.

15. Table of Contents: Table of Contents Centered- Underline
Abstract- Appendix with page numbers.
Use a Tab leader …. Set margin to insure that pages are listed within 1” margin.
TIP: Go to Home, paragraph, then tab choice to set this up.
The table of contents follows the title page. To set it up follow these guidelines (read slide)

16. This is an example of a Table of Contents

17. Abstract:
Page number flush top right. This is the first page to number. Start with page 2.
“Abstract” centered on the first line.
Beginning with the next line (do not indent), a concise summary of the key points of your paper.
Single paragraph, double-spaced.
Between 150 and 250 words.
After the Table of Contents is the Abstract. (read slide)

18. Here is a sample format of an Abstract, of which I will read.

19. Body Format: Page Number: Flush Right Top Page Indent paragraphs ½”
Headings
Start with Introduction-
Heading does not have to state “introduction” but content should indicate that paragraph is an introduction: grabs the reader in a unique way and
presents topic and main ideas of paper.
Citations in body. “In Text” citations.
End with Conclusion-
Heading does not have to state “conclusion” but content should indicate that paragraph is the conclusion: Strong, clear, summarizes main points that support topic and offers insight.
Body of the Paper follows this format: (read)

20. Headings: Helps readers find key points and organizes the author’s thoughts
APA Style uses five levels of headings:
Level of heading
Format 1
Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading 2
Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading 3
Indented, Boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period 4
Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period 5
Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period
Headings and Subheadings are a requirement in the research paper. Although APA has 5 levels of heading, most of your papers will only use 2 levels. You may choose to do more, but the sample on the next page will show you what they mean, and how to do them.

22. Writing Effectively: VOICE:
Write in third person: “it” “he/she” “they”
Avoid first person : “I” “we”
Avoid second person: “you” “your”
Reducing Bias in Language
Be specific: “11-17 year old females”
Be sensitive to labels: “Older adults”
Another element to APA is style in Writing Effectively. Pay attention to these requirements:
For this CTE research paper, use third person voice: use “it” , “he/she/ they”. This gives the research a “subjective” or formal view.
Avoid first person “I/we” and second person voices “you/your” as these voices give the research paper an “objective” or personal view.
Reduce Bias in language- there are many examples in biased language, but for this CTE paper, the two that should be attended to are: specificity and labeling.
For example: be specific: instead of writing underage girls, write year old females. The latter is more specific
Be sensitive to labels: Instead of writing elderly, write “older adults” to avoid labeling a group of people.

23. Writing Effectively: KISS method
Use active voice:
Active: The researchers asked participants questions.
Passive: The participants were asked questions by the researchers.
KISS method
Clear and concise, avoid poetic language
Use relevant and reputable source material
Use an active voice:
In the first sentence, the subject is doing the action. The researchers asked participants questions.
In the second sentence, the subject is doing nothing, it is having the action done to them. The participants were asked questions by the researchers.

24. Numbers in words:
Use words to express any number that begins a sentence, title, or text heading.
Ten participants answered the questionnaire.
Forty-eight percent of the sample showed an increase; 2% showed no change.
Common fractions
one fifth of the class
two-thirds majority
Universally accepted usage
The Twelve Apostles
Five Pillars of Islam
When writing numbers in words use the following guidelines: (read) 3 animations

25. Primary sources: an original object or document; the raw material or first-hand information.
Historical and legal documents
Eyewitness accounts
Results of experiments
Statistical data
Empirical studies and research.
Scholarly articles or papers delivered at conferences
Now considering your resources, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary…what are the differences? (read slide)

26. Secondary sources: something written about a primary source.
Comments, interpretations, or discussions about original material or work
Articles in newspapers or popular magazines
Book or movie reviews
Journal articles that discuss or evaluate someone else's original research
Read slide

27. Tertiary sources: an index and/or textual condensation of primary and secondary sources.
Almanacs
Guide books
Survey articles
Timelines
User guides
Dictionary
Encyclopedia
Textbooks
Read slide

28. What to cite? Reliable sources
Source supports main idea that you are writing on.
Start to analyze research and “build/write” the paper including citations that help to inform the topic.
So, you’ve been collecting your sources from the time the topic was assigned, right? What and how do you include them in your paper? To answer the “what” to cite, consider again “use reliable sources” and secondly, consider ”how this source supports your topic, and how can you analyze it to further support and connect the rest of your main ideas.” This is where your start to analyze your research and build/write your paper, by including citations that informs the topic. 3 Animations

29. What to Cite Always Cite:
Words or ideas from a magazine, book, newspaper, song, TV program, movie, Web page, computer program, letter, advertisement, or any other medium
Information through interviewing, conversing, or corresponding with another person
Exact words or a unique phrase
Any reprinted diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures, or other visual materials
Electronically-available digital media, including images, audio, video, or executable files
So what do you cite? (read)

30. Definition of Plagiarize
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own :  use (another's production) without crediting the source
(from
You do this to avoid plagiarism. What is the meaning of “to plagiarize”

31. In-text Citations:
Helps readers locate the cited source in the References list
Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials:
J.R.R. Tolkien
Italicize or underline titles of long works such as books, movies, or albums:
Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone
Iron Man
Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon
Put quotation marks around titles of short works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections or song titles:
"Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds”
Overview of Citations-

32. In-text Citations:
When citing or paraphrasing a source, provide Author’s name and date of publication in parenthesis:
The Mayans were centrally located (Jones, 1984).
According to Jones (1984), the Mayans were centrally located.
In 1984, Jones concluded the Mayans were centrally located.
The following 3 patterns are ways to cite sources; This is the same pattern be it for one author, two authors or many. (read- explain)
In the following frames, I will make references to parenthetical citations and signal phrases. A parenthetical citation is shown in the first example in yellow, (Jones, 1984)- any citation that needs to be enclosed by parenthesis.
A Signal phrase is shown in the second example in green, “According to Jones….” or another example might be “The findings of Jones states…” or something that sets you up to know that something is coming on.

33. In-text Citations:
When the parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them in the same way they appear in the reference list
Include the author’s name, the year of publication, separated by a semi-colon.
(Kachru, 2005; Smith, 2008)
Read

34. In-text Citations:
When citing a work with two authors, use “and” in between authors’ name in the signal phrase yet “&” between their names in parenthesis.
According to researchers Manning and Elway (2007), “the spiraling effect makes the ball travel with greater velocity” (p. 16).
Some researchers argue that “the spiraling effect makes the ball travel with greater velocity” (Manning & Elway, 2007, p. 16).
Read-
then
explain: In this case, the first example shows the signal phrase example: the signal phrase is According to researcher Manning and Elway (2007), before citing their finding.
The second example shows the use of citing the both authors using parenthesis.
Both are correct.

35. In-text Citations:
When citing a work with three to five authors, identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis.
(Benjarvis, Green, & Ellis, 2012)
In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
(Benjarvis et al., 2012)
Using more and et al.

36. In-text Citations:
When citing multiple authors with the same last names, use first initials with the last names.
(B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008)
Getting fancy with same last name authors-

37. In-text Citations:
When citing interviews, letters, etc., include communicator’s name, “personal communication”, and date.
Do not include personal communication in the reference list.
J.R. Smith stated that many students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002).
Many students had difficulties with APA style (J. R. Smith, personal communication, November 3, 2002).
Citing with personal communication- some times you might interview someone… in research- doesn’t happen a lot, but this is the way one would do it.

38. In-text Citations:
When citing an electronic document, whenever possible, cite it in the author-date style. If electronic source lacks page numbers, locate and identify paragraph number/paragraph heading.
According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).
Electronic Documents

39. In-text Citations:
When citing an organization, mention the organization the first time when you cite the source in the signal phrase or the parenthetical citation.
The data collected by Food and Drug Administration (2006) confirmed that consuming gluten increased blood sugar levels.
If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.
In 2006 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed … FDA’s experts tested…
Citing an organization- This citation type is common in CTE research papers -Read slide-

40. In-text Citations:
When citing a work of unknown author, use the source’s full title in the signal phrase and cite the first word of the title followed by the year of publication in parenthesis.
Put titles of articles and chapters in quotation marks; italicize titles of books and reports.
According to “Monitoring the Dead” (2011),
(“Monitoring,” 2011)
Unknown and Books and Reports Citations

41. Most common- In-text Citations:
When citing or paraphrasing a source, provide Author’s name and date of publication in parenthesis:
The Mayans were centrally located (Jones, 1984).
According to Jones (1984), the Mayans were centrally located.
In 1984, Jones concluded the Mayans were centrally located.
Again, here is the most common citation patterns used to cite sources. –just follow the rules for each specific one regarding multiple authors, last name, citing orgs.

42. The chart provided will help you to cite correctly and to check your drafts.

43. Quotations:
Reproduce word for word material directly quoted from another author’s work.
Provide the author, year, and specific page(s) in the text citation.
Source must be included in the reference list.
If quotation is fewer than 40 words, incorporate in text and enclose with quotation marks.
Caruth (1996) has stated that a traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p.11).
Sometimes, researchers need to pull whole quotes- from authors- this is when you (read slide)

44. Quotations:
If the quotation is more than 40 words, it should be treated as a block quotation without quotation marks.
Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)
If the quote… (read slide)

45. In summary- this sheet, taken from Owl purdue- helps to clarify again, how to cite quotes and paraphrases.

46. Reference v Bibliography:
Reference list:
Contains all sources cited in the text of a paper.
Organized alphabetically by author’s surname.
Bibliographies:
Includes sources that were consulted but not cited.
Annotated description of each source.
May be organized chronologically or by subject.
Towards the end of the research paper, you will have to include the References of your research- Let’s discuss the difference between reference and bibliographies first.

47. CTE Research- References:
Center “References” at the top of the page.
Double-space reference entries flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines
Order entries alphabetically by the author’s surnames
Invert authors’ names (last name first, followed by initials)
Alphabetize reference list entries by the last name of the first author of each work
The CTE Research Paper will require the References = the following format will be used.

48. References: Capitalize all major words in journal titles
Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals
Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections
Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.
This slide shows the specific guidelines for references

49. Here is a sample reference – disregard the running head at the top: Effects of Age on Detection of Emotion- as this is not required for this research paper. Notice page number, centering of References, and alphabetizing of author’s last name.

50. Appendix Materials: Graphs, charts, tables
Supplemental Materials: links to audio/video clips, computer coding, animation, oversized tables, color figures.
Sometimes items such as tables, graphs and charts might not be appropriate to include in the body of the research paper and is brief and easily formatted to print.
Sometimes items such as supplemental materials, that are web-based can be included the appendix- these might include audio or vidoe clips, oversized tables, color figures.

52. Rubric and Checklist

55. Sources consulted for this presentation: