1. Need For Reproduction
Reproduction is the life process in which living things produce other living things of the same species.
Reproduction is not necessary for the life of one individual organism.
It is necessary for the continued survival of a particular group of organisms.

2. Cell Division All cells arise from other cells by cell division.
When cells grow to a certain size they must either divide or die.
If a cell continued to grow without dividing, the surface area of the cell would become too small to hold the cell’s contents.

3. Cell Division
Cell division is a complex series of changes in the nucleus of a cell that leads to the production of two new cells.
The new cells are called daughter cells.
The nuclei of the daughter cells are usually identical to each other and to that of the parent cell.
The daughter cells grow and increase in size until they divide and produce two more daughter cells.
This process continues, resulting in organism growth and reproduction.

4. Mitosis
All cells in the body (except sex cells) are produced by the process of mitotic cell division.
Mitosis involves a complex series of changes in the nuclei of body cells that produce identical (same) daughter cells.
They have the same number and type of chromosomes as the parent cells.

5. The Cell Cycle – Stages of Mitosis
Although the events of mitosis are an ongoing process, they are generally described in terms of separate phases, or stages.
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

7. Interphase Interphase is the period between cell divisions.
During interphase, the single-stranded chromosomes replicate (make an extra copy).
The chromosomes can not be seen during interphase.

8. Prophase
In prophase, the double-stranded chromosomes become visible, and the nuclear membrane disappears.
A spindle apparatus, consisting of fibers, forms between opposite poles of the cell.

9. Metaphase
During metaphase, the chromosomes move toward the middle of the cell and line up at the cell equator (midline).

10. Anaphase
During anaphase, the double-stranded chromosome separates and move to opposite poles of the cell.
There is a complete set of chromosomes at each pole of the cell.

11. Telophase and Cytoplasmic Division
The last stage of mitosis is telophase.
In telophase, a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, forming two identical nuclei.
At the end of mitosis, the cytoplasm divides, forming two new identical daughter cells.

12. The Cell Cycle

13. Mnemonic! Invisible Purple Monkeys Aren’t Throwing Carrots

14. Meiosis
The process of meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces cells that are different from the parent cell.
Meiosis produces cells that have one-half the number of chromosomes as the parent cells.
If meiosis did not take place, the fertilized egg would have double the amount of chromosomes it needs.
Meiosis takes place during sexual reproduction when sex cells, called the egg and sperm, are produced in sex organs.

16. Meiosis
One-half the number of chromosomes is called the monoploid, (or n) number.
In humans, the monoploid number (n) is 23.
When the egg and sperm unite during fertilization, the species normal chromosome number called the diploid or (2n) number is restored (brought back).
The diploid number in humans is 46.
n (sperm) + n (egg) = 2n

17. Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
Characteristic
Mitosis
Meiosis
Number of daughter cells 2 4
Number of cell division 1
Daughter cells are diploid or haploid
Diploid
(46 Chromosomes)
Haploid
(23 Chromosomes)
Daughter cells are identical or different
Identical
Different
(Sperm/Egg)
Parent cell is diploid or haploid