1. Utopian Communities
The 1830’s and 1840’s brings about the rise of Utopian Communities.
Influenced by the Second Great Awakening.
Some Utopian Communities rise up as a response against the changes brought by the Market Revolution
These groups seek to create ideal communities that would allow people to live in radically different ways and realize their spiritual potential. They are usually heavily spiritual.
These communities spring up in rural areas.
Symbols of religious experimentation and social protest

2. Shakers
Mother Ann and the Shakers (1780’s ): The first successful American communal living movement
Shakers worship through ecstatic dancing and live in communal settlements.
Practiced the common ownership of property, pacifism, and gender equality.
Do not partake alcohol, tobacco, politics, or sex for pleasure.
Preached that God was both male and female
Founded over twenty communities from New York to Ohio

3. Fourierism This group is based more on economics than religion.
Practiced Socialism under founder Albert Brisbane.
The idea is that by living in a separate community where all property was communally owned, wage laborers could escape capitalist employers.
Labor would be coordinated and done cooperatively.
Preached gender equality. Men and women shared domestic labor.
This group puts out lots of literature and it’s ideas are accepted by segments of American society, especially in the wake of the economic crisis of the Panic of 1837.
Found over 100 communities.

4. Oneida Led by charismatic and super religious John Humphry Noyes.
Embraces spirituality and communal living and property ownership.
He will also attempt to re-define sexual and gender roles.
Believed in the concept of ‘perfectionism’ or that humans could attain a state of perfection and be free of sin, like Christ.
Marriage was a barrier to perfection. Oneida residents embraced complex marriage and in this system, every member was married to each other.
This group practices several controversial sexual taboos, and Noyes is forced to flee to Canada in 1879.
Makers of super high quality silverware.

6. Utopian Communities Significance:
All of these groups represent radical questioning of traditional sexual values and the emerging class conflicts and social changes brought on by the Market Revolution.
“Explain the causes and consequences of the Market Revolution on American Society”
One element of your essay could be about rejection of the changes brought on by the Market Revolution by people like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau and these Utopian Communities.

7. Mormonism Clip

8. Abolition Heavily influenced by the Second Great Awakening.
Abolitionists demanded the immediate emancipation of slaves without compensating their owners.

9. David Walker’s Appeal (1829)
Very influential piece of anti-slavery literature written by a free black man, David Walker.
In response to attacks of free blacks in several urban areas, Walker writes his appeal.
Using biblical language, Walker argues that violent slave revolt is inevitable and justified.
He calls out the religious hypocrisy of Southern slave owners.
He speaks against colonization and asks blacks to untie and demand equality.
His pamphlet is super widely distributed, and makes it’s way into the hands of slaves in the South, scaring the shit out of much of the Southern White population.

10. William Lloyd Garrison
New England Evangelical Protestant.
One of the most famous White abolitionists and publisher of The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper. Demands immediate emancipation without compensation.
Garrison is very religious and is a perfect example of the Evangelical opposition to Slavery that grows out of the Second Great Awakening.
He is arrested and jailed numerous times for publishing anti-slavery literature.
He is arguably the most hated man in the South.

13. Nat Turner’s Revolt (1831) Led by a literate slave named Nat Turner.
Claiming that he was led by the voice of God, Turner and his men went on a rampage and murdered 55 white slave owners and their wives and children.
Turner hoped that once he and his group started, other slaves on other plantations would also rise up and join them. It doesn’t happen and his group is only 60 strong.
Turner leaves a very descriptive account of the murders.
The result of this revolt is to instill massive fear into Southerners.
It further enflames the abolition crisis. It will make Southerners feel super threatened by Abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison.

15.
Is violent resistance to slavery acceptable? Is violent resistance to anything acceptable?

16. American Anti-Slavery Society
Organized and formed by William Lloyd Garrison to oppose slavery and advocate for immediate emancipation.
The group is financed by several wealthy northerners sympathetic to the cause.
The goal of this group is to flood the nation with Abolitionists literature and help slaves run away. Anything to subvert slavery.
This flood of literature will outrage the South, and some Southern states demand that their post masters not carry abolitionists literature.
Images of the cruel nature of slavery, personal stories of families separated, stories of brutal treatment, anything to appeal to your emotions and make slaves seem like victims.

17. American Anti-Slavery Society
In addition to producing literature, they assist run away slaves escape to free states and Canada. This is illegal to do according to the Fugitive Slave clause of the Constitution.
The Underground Railroad is a series of safe-houses used by the American Anti-Slavery Society to aid these people. Harriet Tubman is a famous “Conductor”
Influenced by this group, over 2000 other Abolitionists societies with over 200,000 members will develop throughout the North.

21. Response to Abolition
Not only do Southerners feel threatened, the message of abolition is not super well received in the North.
Many Northern manufactures rely on cheap cotton. Many poor Northern working men don’t want to compete with free blacks for work. These people are not for abolition.
Race riots occur in several Northern cities. Homes of free black men are burned as are black churches.
Abolitionists are threatened and in the case of Elijah Lovejoy, they are killed.

24. Women in Abolition
The struggle to abolish slavery begins to get connected to the struggle for female suffrage for some men and women.
Some prominent Abolitionists men oppose active participation by women, others like William Lloyd Garrison embrace female participation.
The American Anti-Slavery Society will actually split over the issue of female suffrage and divide into two separate societies.

25. Angelina Grimke
Prominent female Abolitionist, originally from a slave owning family in South Carolina.
Has personal first hand experience wit slavery.
Publishes her famous “Appeal to Christian Women of the South”
She rejects her family and her former life to take up the cause of Abolition.
After publishing her Appeal, and going on speaking tours, she is warned not to come back to South Carolina.
Speaks in front of mixed race and mixed gender crowds. This is scandalous.

26. Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
Major meeting of the important people in the female suffrage movement. Attended by both men and women.
Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
The convention adopts a radical manifesto (Declaration of Sentiments), based on the language of the Declaration of Independence.
The groups advocates for females equality. Things beyond voting are discussed. Property rights, female divorce rights, and employment rights are all topics.
They do not believe in the inferiority of women or separate spheres.

28. Susan B. Anthony
Abolitionists, Temperance Advocate, Suffragette, Political Activist.
Participates in several organizations that fight for female equality in the 19th Century.
She organizes the Suffragettes political lobbying effort and is in the ear of many politicians. She is instrumental at getting several state bills passed to extended equality to married females.
Right to control your own wages (husbands and fathers controlled paychecks)
Right to get custody of your children in a divorce or death
Right to bring a lawsuit and testify in court
Women are still almost 70 years away from gaining the right to vote.
The work of these early females suffragettes will lay the foundation for a women’s rights struggle that is still occurring in the 21st Century.
“We do not seek to protect women, but rather put her in a place where she can protect herself.”