1. The Catholic Reformation
The Formation of New Orders
The Council of Trent
Catholic Religious Reform

3. Formation of New Orders
Ignatius of Loyola
1491 – 1556
1540 Jesuits approved
Pope Paul III
Spiritual Exercises published in 1548
4th Vow: obedience to the successor of Peter
Focus also on educational and missionary work (New World)

4. Ursuline Order founded by Angela Merici (1474 – 1540) in 1535
fight heresy through Christian teaching
teaching young girls
spread in France and the New World

5. Reform measures prior to Council of Trent
Index of Prohibited Books, 1542
Roman Inquisition, 1542
Galileo before the Roman Inquisition , 1633

6. Council of Trent
Numerous attempts to call it but warfare – ecclesiastical turmoil
Finally called by Pope Paul III ---opened 1545, closed 1563
Called not only to reform the church, but also for reconciliation
Lutherans and Calvinists invited to participate

7. Council of Trent, cont’d
International politics repeatedly played a role
Charles V fears Lutheran subjects rebelling against Holy Roman Empire
French rulers wanted no reconciliation – ultimately their problems lead to extensive religious warfare (civil war)

8. INTERNAL REFORMS:
Bishops – live in diocese
a. Strengthened the authority of local bishops
b. Bishops had to preach regularly and make annual visits to parishes
Priests educated
a. Priests needed to be presentable
b. Priests needed to be celibate
c. Priests needed to be active
Curtail the selling of church offices / religious goods
Canon of Scripture established

9. REAFFIRMATIONS Traditional Scholastic education of clergy
Role of good works in salvation
Authority of tradition
Seven sacraments
Transubstantiation
Clerical celibacy
Purgatory
Veneration of Saints, relics, and sacred images
Indulgences