1. The Protestant Reformation Through Maps

2. R. H. Bainton The Reformation of the 16c
Thus, the papacy emerged as something between an Italian city-state and European power, without forgetting at the same time the claim to be the vice-regent of Christ. The Pope often could not make up his mind whether he was the successor of Peter or of Caesar. Such vacillation had much to do with the rise and success of the Protestant Reformation.

3. Causes of the Reformation?
Church corruption
Avignon Papacy
Conciliarism
Marsilius of Padua  Defensor Pacis [Defender of the Peace]
Attacked papal authority
The Christian community is the sum of ALL its parts!
Development of personal devotions  suspicion of clergy
Greed of secular leaders  1/3 of Europe  church land
Papal need for money  indulgences
Printing Press

4. The Spread of the Printing Press

5. The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c

6. The Spread of Lutheranism

7. The Peasant Revolt

8. Calvin’s World in the 16c

9. Protestant Churches in France (Late 16c)

10. Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)
The Anabaptists
Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

11. Reformation Europe (Late 16c)

13. The Catholic/Counter Reformation
Crisis in the Church – Recovery or Revitalization?
Paul III – Reform minded – a moral compass for the church.
Restored mission of the Roman Catholic Church
Called the Council of Trent – reaffirmed basic Catholic doctrines, prohibited simony and indulgences (sale), enforced literacy of priests, prepared the Index of Prohibited Books, strengthened the Inquisition

14. Cath/Counter Refomation cont’d
Loyola and Teresa of Avila
Renewed pageantry of the church – Baroque
Most Europeans remain loyal to the RCC, why? – tradition, the role of the church amongst the poor, and the grandeur and familiarity kept them loyal.

15. Political Consequences
Gain in power of the state – preached obedience to the crown in Protestant areas
Luther – rejects toleration – true faith was Luther’s faith – “passive obedience” to any ruler, one’s religious obligation, punishment otherwise
Calvin – human affairs are to be regulated for the glory of God, rulers must enforce religious conformity as defined by Calvin, no religious toleration or disobedience, ‘if a ruler is evil, it is due to the sins of the people’ – “spiritual elect” carry over into political and social areas - ARISTOCRACY