1. Chapter 13 New Movements in America
Page 388

2. Section 1: America Stirs to New Ideas
Examine how the Second Great Awakening affected Americans
Describe transcendentalists’ views of American Society
Identify some of the ideas of the romantic movement

3. A. The Second Great Awakening
1790’s to 1830’s- Second Great Awakening- revival of religion in response to IR
Charles Grandison Finney- sin is avoidable and each individual is responsible for their salvation
Transcendentalism- idea that people could rise above material things
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Henry David Thoreau
Emerson- look within yourself for guidance, don’t rely on institutions

4. B. Utopian Societies
Groups established new communities- suppose to be perfect and based on transcendentalism ideas
Shakers?
Robert Owen?
American writers
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Herman Melville
Edgar Allen Poe
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Walt Whitman
Emily Dickinson
John Greenleaf Whittier

5. Section 2: Immigrants and Cities
Explain why Irish and German Immigrants came to US
Discuss American reactions
Describe the benefits and problems with immigration

6. A. Waves of immigrants 1840-1860- 4 million Immigrants
3 million from Ireland and Germany
Irish
Potato famine- blight kills potatoes
More than a million starved
Settled in towns
Poorer
Catholic
Faced much discrimination

7. Germany Many flee political turmoil in Germany
Forced to served in the army
Usually educated
More likely to live in rural areas
Had money
Many were skilled laborers
Many were protestant

8. B. Native Response Many native-born citizens threatened by immigration
Shut the door to next generation of immigrants
Didn’t like non-protestants
Nativists- oppose immigration
Know-Nothing Party

9. C. Growth of Cities
IR led to growth of cities, especially in Northeast
IR led to a growth of the Middle Class-
Cities were compact and crowded
No sewer systems
No mass transit
Poor city planning
Tenements-
Disease
Crime
Fire
Garbage
Polution

10. Section 3: Reforming Society
Identify factors that led to reform movement
Examine the reasons why reformers started the temperance movement
Determine how Americans’ educational opportunities changed during the early 1800’s

11. A. Origins of Reform
Second Great Awakening- leads many to try and improve social conditions
Many middle class women led the way
Mentally Ill- Dorothea Dix
Also Jails
Disadvantaged Youth- Josiah Quincy- also reform prisons
Pushed children to get different punishments than adults

12. B. Campaigning Against Alcohol
Average consumption in mid 1800’s- more than 7 gallons a year
Many blamed alcohol for:
Violence, poverty, and crime
Temperance Movement- effort to ban alcohol
Leaders
Preacher Lyman Beecher
Neal Dow
Several states ban sale of alcohol- Maine- eventually 12 others

13. C. Education Schools were not consistent and many children didn’t go
Common-School movement-
Horace Mann- leader in the public school movement
education should be provided to everyone on a consistent basis
First secretary of Education in Massachusetts
Women’s Education- still limited
Catherine and Lyman Beecher push for greater education opportunities for women
Colleges for Women- Troy Female Seminary
First Co-ed- Oberlin College

14. African American Schools
Usually attended separate, inferior schools
More schools available, but not equal
Oberlin first to let AA attend and later Harvard and Dartmouth
Black Colleges later open in mid 1800’s
Samuel Gridley Howe- improved ed for visually impaired
Perkins institute
Thomas Gallaudet- improve ed for hearing imparied

15. Section 4: The Movement to End Slavery
Explain the abolition movement
Identify methods abolitionists used
Investigate reasons some Americans opposed abolition

16. A. Abolition 1830’s Abolition- Emancipation-
Different degrees- free, but not equal? Free and equal?
Colonization Movement
American Colonization Society-
Liberia- 12,000 eventually
Many opposed- David Walker- why?

17. B. Spreading Abolition Message
Spread the message- newspaper, essays, pamphlets
Northern Abolitionist
William Lloyd Garrison- published the Liberator
American Anti-Slavery Society
Many women supported
Southerners Against Slavery
Angelina and Sarah Grimke-
Theodore Weld- American Slavery As It Is

18. C. Africans Americans Fight for Abolition
Frederick Douglas
Escaped slavery at age of 20
Spoke around US against slavery
Highland Garnet
Sojourner Truth
Charles Remond
Harriet Jacobs- Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
All tried to inform public on evils of slavery

19. D. Underground Railroad
Network of safe houses or “stations”
Set up by Free AAs, former slaves, and white abolitionist
Hide and transport runaway slaves to the North
Robert Purvis- one of leading organizers
Harriet Tubman- most famous “conductor”
19 successful trips into the South
Led more than 300 to freedom
40,000 reward for her

20. E. Opposition to Abolition
Many Northerners were also racists
Didn’t want slaves free
Didn’t believe they were equal
Might compete for wages
Often resorted to violence to silence abolitionists
Elijah Lovejoy
Gag Rule-
Southerners Defend slavery
Its in the bible
Its good for the slaves
We take care of the slaves, feed, and shelter them.
Slaves are inferior

21. Section 5: Women’s Rights
Explain the effect that the abolition movement on the women’s rights movement
Describe the goals of the women’s rights movement
Analyze the purpose and significance of the Seneca Falls Convention

22. A. The Influence of Abolition
Many women participated in the abolition movement
Were mistreated
Weren’t allowed to be leaders
Began to realize they weren’t much better off than slaves
Leaders
Sara Grimke- demanded equal pay
Sojourner Truth
Harriet Beecher Stowe

23. B. Women’s Rights Could not vote Sit on juries
Own property in many states
Could not get most jobs
Paid less
Opposition
Should be in home, not in public
Need to follow “gender roles”
Different physically

24. C. Seneca Falls Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott resolved to hold a convention on women’s rights
Seneca Falls Convention- July 19, 1848
2 day convention to organize women’s movement
Declaration of Sentiments
Modeled on DOI
What women wanted to achieve