1. Warm-Up
What do you think are the functions of skin?

2. Integumentary System
Chapter 5

3. Skin and Body Membranes
Function of body membranes
Line or cover body surfaces
Protect body surfaces
Lubricate body surfaces
Slide 4.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4. Classification of Body Membranes
Epithelial membranes
Cutaneous membrane
Mucous membrane
Serous membrane
Connective tissue membranes
Slide 4.2
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5. Cutaneous Membrane Cutaneous membrane = skin Superficial epidermis
A dry membrane
Outermost protective boundary
Superficial epidermis
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Underlying dermis
Mostly dense connective tissue
Figure 4.1a
Slide 4.3
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

6. Mucous Membranes Surface epithelium
Type depends on site
Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria)
Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface
Often adapted for absorption or secretion
Figure 4.1b
Slide 4.4
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

7. Serous Membranes Surface simple squamous epithelium
Underlying areolar connective tissue
Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body
Serous layers separated by serous fluid
Figure 4.1c
Slide 4.5
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8. Serous Membranes Specific serous membranes Peritoneum Pleura
Abdominal cavity
Pleura
Around the lungs
Pericardium
Around the heart
Figure 4.1d
Slide 4.6
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9. Connective Tissue Membrane
Synovial membrane
Connective tissue only
Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints
Figure 4.2
Slide 4.7
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

10. Integumentary System
Skin and its derivatives (sweat & oil glands, hairs, nails)

11. Basic Functions of the Skin
Protection from:
Mechanical damage (bumps & cuts)
Chemical damage (acids & bases)
Thermal damage (heat/cold)
Bacteria
UV radiation
Desiccation (drying out)
Temperature regulation (sweat glands)
Excrete urea
Synthesize Vitamin D
Immunity
Sensory reception (touch, heat, pain, pressure)

12. Skin Structure

13. Structure of the Skin Two regions:
Epidermis – keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Dermis – fibrous connective tissue
Hypodermis (subcutaneous fascia)
Adipose tissue underneath skin
Anchor skin to muscle below
Shock absorber
Store fat
Insulation

14. Epidermis Cells of the epidermis: Keratinocytes Melanocytes
Produce keratin = fibrous protein
Growth starts in deepest epidermal layer (stratum basale)  pushed upward by new cells underneath
Top layer = dead, scalelike structures
Melanocytes
Produce melanin = pigment (yellow/brown/black)
Melanin granules taken up by nearby keratinocytes
Shields DNA from UV radiation

15. Epidermis

16. 5 layers (strata) of epidermis:
“Overcoat” for body
Protect against abrasion, penetration, & water loss (keratin & glycolipids)
20-30 cells thick
Shingle-like dead cells
Clear, flat, dead cells
Thick layer on palms of hands, soles of feet
Cells become flatter, full of keratin
Water-resistant glycolipid fills spaces
Thick bundles of pre-keratin
Abundant melanin granules
Single row of stem cells
Receive nutrients from dermis
Rapid cell division
Stratum Corneum
(horny layer)
Stratum Lucidum
(clear layer)
Stratum Granulosum
(granular layer)
Stratum Spinosum
(prickly layer)
Stratum Basale
(basal layer)

17. Skin Structure

18. Dermis Strong, flexible connective tissue
Semi-fluid matrix with fibers (collagen, elastic)
Leather “hide” of animals
Contains:
nerve fibers
blood vessels
lymph vessels
hair follicles
oil glands
sweat glands
Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, WBC’s

20. Layers of Dermis Papillary Layer: Upper part of dermis
Dermal papillae = peg-like projections
Contain capillary loops
Free nerve endings
Touch receptors (Meissner’s corpuscles)
Forms ridges (large mounds)  increases friction to enhance gripping ability on fingers & feet
Friction ridge pattern = fingerprints

22. Layers of Dermis Reticular Layer: Deepest skin layer
Dense, fibrous connective tissue
Contains blood vessels, sweat & oil glands, pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles), WBC’s
Collagen fibers in bundles form cleavage (tension) lines
Incisions made parallel to line heal more readily

24. Fibers Collagen: give skin strength; binds water (hydrate skin)
Elastic fibers: stretch-recoil properties of skin
Aging: fewer fibers, less subcutaneous fat  skin loses elasticity and sags/wrinkles
Extreme stretching of skin (pregnancy): dermal tearing leaves white scars = “stretch marks”

25. Other info Blister: separation of epidermal and dermal layers
Blood vessels in dermis: maintain body temp.
Cooling: Capillaries swell with heated blood  skin becomes red and warm  radiate heat
Conserve heat: blood bypasses capillaries to skin
Bedsores: if blood (O2) is restricted to cells  skin cells die & cause ulcers
Bedridden patients need to be turned regularly
Tattoos: deposit pigment within dermis