1. Foundation of English Grammar First Meeting Ningtyas Orilina A, M.Pd
The Parts of Speech
Foundation of English Grammar
First Meeting
Ningtyas Orilina A, M.Pd

2. There are nine parts of speech
Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Articles
Conjunction
Preposition
Interjections

3. A. Nouns A noun is a word used to name something: a person/animal
a place, a thing, or an idea. For example, all of the following are nouns.
Leah, Ignacio, John, Bob
Japan, Venezuela, Atlanta, Kroger, the Gap
pencil, store, music, air
biology, theory of Relativity, Pythagorean theory

4. Nouns’ Classifications

5. 1. Singular/Plural?
Singular nouns name only one person, place, thing or idea.
One apple, a pencil, the book
Plural nouns name two or more persons, places, things or ideas. Plural nouns are made by adding –s (pencils), -es (kisses), -en (chicken), etc.

6. 2. Countable/Uncountable?
Countable: book, chair, problem, idea, etc
Countable nouns use many, few, number
Uncountable: sugar, water, trouble, money, time
Uncountable nouns use much, little, amount

7. 3. Proper/Common?
Proper nouns refer to specific people, places, things and ideas. For example: Name (Tyas), country (Japan), day (Monday), month (April)
They are always capitalized!
Common nouns are all other nouns. For example: cat, pencil, paper, etc. They are not capitalized unless they are the first word in the sentence

8. 4. Abstract/Concrete?
Concrete nouns are nouns that you can touch. They are people, places, and some things.
For example: person, court, Georgia, pencil, hand, paper, car, and door
Abstract nouns are nouns that cannot be physically held. For example: things like air, justice, safety, Democracy, faith, religion, etc.

9. 5. Collective Noun
Collective nouns are nouns that are grammatically considered singular, but include more than one person, place, thing, or idea in its meaning. For example: team, group, jury, committee, audience, crowd, class, troop, family, team, couple, band, herd, quartet, and society.
Generally, collective nouns are treated as singular because they emphasize the group as one unit.
The committee is going to make a decision. 

10. 6. Gerunds
A gerund is the –ing form of the verb and is used as a noun. For example:
Running is good for you.  Running is the noun/gerund and is is the verb.
My crying upset him.  Crying is the subject and upset is the verb

11. What Kind Of Nouns Are They?
For example:
Book -> Singular, countable, concrete, common
Ambon
Fishing
Advice
Homework
Family

12. B. Pronouns Subject Object Possessive adjective Possessive pronoun
Reflexive I
You
They We He
She It Me
Them Us
Him
Her My
Your
Their
Our
His
Its
Mine
Yours
Theirs
Ours
Hers
Myself
Yourself/yourselves
Themselves
Ourselves
Himself
Herself
Itself

13. C. Verbs Verbs generally express action or a state of being.
There are several classifications for verbs; they are: action verbs, linking verbs, main verbs/auxiliary verbs, transitive/intransitive and phrasal verbs.

14. 1. Action Verbs
show action
He runs. He plays. They study.

15. 2. Linking Verbs Link the subject to an adjective
Linking verbs have function as to be (are am is was were)
She is beautiful. She looks beautiful.
The linking verb is links the adjective beautiful with the subject she. The same thing goes to looks.

16. 3. Main Verbs/Auxiliary Main verbs can stand alone.
I eat. He studies. They play.
Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, serve as support to the main verb.
to do: do does did
to have: have has had
to be: is am are was were
modals: must can could shall should will would may might

17. 4. Transitive/Intransitive
Transitive Verbs require a direct object in order to make sense. For Example:
Yolanda takes aspirin for her headaches.  Here, takes is a transitive verb since the sentence Yolanda takes has no meaning without its direct object aspirin. 
Intransitive Verbs do not need direct objects to make them meaningful. For Example:
Julio swims.  The verb swim has meaning for the reader without an object

18. 5. Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are made up of a verb and a preposition. The preposition gives the verb a different meaning than it would have by itself.
For example, the verb look has a different meaning from the phrasal verb look for

19. D. Adjectives An adjective modifies (describes) a noun or pronoun.
Normally in English, the adjective comes before the noun. For example:
The smart student earned an "A".
They also come after linking verbs. For example:
I feel happy.

20. E. Adverbs
An adverb is a word that modifies an action verb, an adjective or another adverb.
The teacher carefully graded the homework.
Carefully is an adverb that modifies the action verb to grade.
Tommy was extremely enthusiastic about doing his homework.
Extremely is an adverb that modifies the adjective enthusiastic.
Mega ran out of the classroom very quickly.
Very is an adverb that modifies the adverb quickly.

21. Adjectives and Adverbs
An adjective tells us more about a noun, while an adverb tell us more about a verb.
Susan is beautiful : beautiful modifies Susan
Susan dances beautifully : beautifully modifies Dances

22. Beware of linking verbs
Use adjective after some verbs: feel, sound, smell, taste, seem, look, be
The dinner smells good
That tea tastes a bit strange
Your friend seems very nice
Tom looked sad when I saw him
Use adverb after other verbs
Drive carefully!
She plays the piano very well
Tom looked at me sadly

23. Choose the right word, adjectives or adverb.
We were relieved that he arrived safe / safely after his long journey.
Do you feel nervous / nervously before examination?
Hurry up! You are always so slow / slowly.
He looked at me angry / angrily when I interrupt him.
Tony drove careful / carefully along the narrow road.
Speak loud / loudly, please!

24. F. Articles Articles signal that a noun is going to
The indefinite article ‘a’ can only appear before nouns that begin with a consonant sound: a hand, a book, a world, etc
The indefinite article ‘an’ can only appear before nouns that begin with a vowel sound: an apartment, an hour, an article

25. G. Conjunction
are the scotch tape/connectors of the grammatical world. They join together words and phrases.
There are three kinds of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions

26. 1. Coordinating Conjunctions
There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English. You can use the mnemonic device fanboys to rememb.er them

27. FANBOYS What are they? Meaning Example For Reason
Fred is antisocial, for he is very insecure
And
Addition
Tom is singing, and Paul is dancing
Nor
Addition (negative)
Lucy isn’t very sociable, nor is she very polite
But
Contrast
Tom is tall, but Paul is short Or
Choice
Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it
Yet
I love you, yet you dump me. So
Result
Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed

28. 2. Correlative Conjunctions
also join ideas, but they work in pairs. They are:
Both…and
neither…nor
whether…or
either…or
not only…but also

29. 3. Subordinating Conjunctions
join an independent clause to a subordinate clause. That is, they join a clause that can stand alone with a clause that cannot stand alone. Some frequently used subordinating conjunctions are:
after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, since, so that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, while. 

30. I. Prepositions
Prepositions are words that, like conjunctions, connect a noun or pronoun to another word in a sentence. Some common prepositions: 
About
Before
Down
Into
Through
Above
Behind
During
Like To
Across
Below
Except Of
Toward
After
Beneath
For
Off
Under
Among
Beside
From On Up
Around
Between In
Over
With At By
Instead of
Since
Without

31. A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun. They can act as adjectives or as adverbs.
Manuela, the student from Germany, wrote an excellent paper on the computer.

32. J. Interjection
Interjections are words used to express emotional states. They can usually be found in narrative writing, interviews, and in spoken English. They can stand alone. For example:
Oh!, wow!, Ouch! Oops! Hey!
They are punctuated with either commas or exclamation marks. Mild interjections are followed by a comma, but stronger interjections are punctuated with an exclamation mark (!)

33. Interjections are words used to express emotional states
Interjections are words used to express emotional states. They can usually be found in narrative writing, interviews, and in spoken English. They can stand alone. For example:
Oh!, wow!, Ouch! Oops! Hey!
They are punctuated with either commas or exclamation marks. Mild interjections are followed by a comma, but stronger interjections are punctuated with an exclamation mark (!)