1. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PLANT’S BODY

2. Gambar anatomi organ tumbuhan, tentukan nama organ dan fungsinya.
Ciri2 dari berbagai jaringan pada tumbuhan (jaringan. meristem, parenkim, sklerenkim, floem, xylem).
Gambar penampang batang dikotil.
Perbedaan tumbuhan dikotil dan monokotil.

3. The Organs of Plant are: Root Stem Leaf Flower Fruit
THE MAIN ORGANS

4. ROOT The structure of plant that located in the ground
Root have three main functions:
- Absorb water and minerals from the soil
- Anchor a plant in the ground
- Store food

5. Types of Root
Fibrous Root System
Taproot System

7. Fibrous Root System
Consist of many similarly sized roots that form a dense
Grass, Corn, and Onions have fibrous root system

8. Taproot System A taproot system has one long, thick main root.
Many smaller roots
branch off the main root
A plant with a taproot system
is hard to pull out of the ground
Mango, Orange, and Apple
have taproot system

9. The Structure of a Root Tip of the root is rounded
and is covered by a sructure
called the ROOT CAP
The Root cap protects
the root from injury from
rocks as the root grows
through the soil
Root hairs grow out
of the root’s surface

11. Inner Structure of Root
Surface cells (Epidermis)
Cortex
Endodermis
Stele (Center of the root) Vascular System
Vascular System consist of Xylem and Phloem
Xylem: Transports water and minerals upward to the
plant’s stem and leaves.
Phloem: Transport food manufactured in the leaves to
the root.
The root tissues may then use the food for growth or
store it for future use by plant

14. STEM The stem of a plant has two main functions:
The stem carries substances between the plant’s root and leaves
The stem also provides support for the plant
Store food

16. Types of Stem Herbaceous Woody
Herbaceous stems contain no wood and are often soft. Sunflower and pepper plant a have herbaceous stems.
Woody
woody stems are hard and rigid. Mango and roses have woody stems. A woody stem contains several layer of tissue.

17. Annual Rings
These circles are called annual rings because they represent a tree’s yearly growth.
Annual rings are made of xylem
Xylem cells that form in the spring are large and have thin walls because they grow rapidly. They produce a wide and light brown ring.
Xylem cells that form in the summer grow slowly and therefore are small and have thick walls. They produce a thin and dark ring.

19. LEAVES Leaves vary greatly in size and shape
Leaves capture the sun’s energy and carry out the food-making process of photosynthesis

20. The Structure of a Leaf
The leaf’s top and bottom surface layers protect the cell inside.
Between the layers of cells are veins that contain xylem and phloem.
The surface layers of the leaf have small openings or pores called stomata.
Stomata open and close to control when gases enter and leave the leaf.
The cells that contain the most chloroplasts are located near the leaf’s upper surface.
The chlorophyll in the chloroplasts traps the sun’s energy

22. Controlling Water Loss
The process by which water evaporates from a plant’s leaves in called transpiration.
One way that plants retain water is by closing the stomata.
The stomata often close when leaves start to dry out.

25. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

26. Proses fotosintesis dan hasilnya
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi fotosintesis.
Percobaan sach

27. Langkah percobaannya:
PERCOBAAN SACHS DAN PERCOBAAN INGENHOUZ UNTUK MEMBUKTIKAN ADANYA PERISTIWA FOTOSINTESIS
1. PERCOBAAN SACHS Membuktikan bahwa pada fotosintesis akan dihasilkan zat tepung (amilum) dan cahaya berpengaruh terhadap fotosintesis
Langkah percobaannya:
Beberapa daun ditutup dgn aluminium foil dan beberapa dibiarkan terbuka sampai 2 hari. Setelah itu daun dipetik.
Daun dimasukkan pada air yang mendidih untuk mematikan sel-sel daun
Kemudian daun dimasukkan pada alcohol panas untuk melarutkan klorofil
Setelah itu akan ditetesi dengan larutan iodium (lugol). Untuk menguji adanya amilum.
Hasilnya : daun yang ditutup aluminium foil warnanya tetap dan menguning, sedangkan daun yag dibiarkan terbuka akan berwarna biru tua. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa pada peristiwa fotosintesis akan dihasilkan amilum (zat tepung) dengan bantuan cahaya.

28. KINDS OF ORGANISM BASED ON GETTING THE FOOD
AUTOTROPHIC
Organism that are able to produce organic material or organism that are able to make food itself.
e.q. green plant
HETEROTROPHIC
Organism that aren’t able to produce organic material or organism that can’t make food itself.
e.q. human, animal

29. STRUCTURE OF LEAF vascular tissues epidermis air spaces epidermis
chloroplast
air spaces
vascular
tissues
epidermis
Guard cells

30. Internal leaf structure
Epidermis  top and bottom
Pallisade Layer  most cells with chloroplasts
Spongy Layer  gas exchange through stomata

31. Leaf Parts Apex Base Margin Epidermis Stomata Mesophyll Tip of leaf
Attaches to petiole – if petiole is absent, attaches directly to stem
Margin
Edge of leaf
Epidermis
“Skin” of leaf - responsible for gas exchange
Stomata
Outside layer of leaf opening in epidermis where gas and water exchange
Mesophyll
Middle layer of leaf where photosynthesis occurs

32. Leaf Parts Blade Petiole Midrib Main body of leaf
Attaches blade to stem
Midrib
Large central vein
PETIOLE  AN OUTGROWTH FROM PETIOLE OR LEAF BASE OF CERTAIN PLANTS.
BLADE  LONG NARROW LEAF OF GRASS

33. Parts of leaf
Dicotyl leaf

34. Monocotyl leaf

35. Parts of chloroplast

36. What are the functions of leaves?
Make Food (carry out photosynthesis)
Gas Exchange (take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen and water vapor)
Stomate (usually on bottoms of leaves)
Guard Cells open and
close stoma (hole)
as they fill up with
and lose water.

37. STOMATA
Guard cells
Epidermis cells
chloroplast
nucleus
open
closed

38. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light reaction - using light (sunlight)
- absorption light by chlorophyll
- change of light energy become to chemical energy (ATD & NADPH)
- occur fission of water molecule is called fotolisis
H2O H2 O2

39. Dark reaction - not use light
- absorption carbon dioxide is called fixation of carbon dioxide
- using chemical energy the result of light reaction and carbon dioxide to make starches (amillum) by reaction that help with enzyme
- This process is called Calvin cycles

40. Photosynthesis Reaction
6CO2 + 6H2O (with sunlight and chlorophyll)
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2
Water moves into root cells by osmosis and up through the xylem tubes to the leaf cells
The food moves down through phloem cells to the rest of the cells of the plant

41. Factors that influence photosynthesis
Age of leaf/chlorophyll
Water
Carbon dioxide
Term
Light
Oxygen

42. MOVEMENT IN
PLANTS

43. Gambar gerak tumbuhan yang diberi stimulus serta responnya.
Gambar Contoh-contoh gerak higroskopisme dan keterangannya
Respon tumbuhan terhadap pengaruh luar.
Contoh kasus kerusakan pada tumbuhan dan tentukan penyebabnya serta nama penyakit/kelainannya

44. MOVEMENT IN PLANT
Based on its stimulus, the movements in plant are grouped into three :
1. ENDOGENOUS MOVEMENT
2. EXOGENOUS MOVEMENT
3. HYGROSCOPIC MOVEMENT

45. ENDOGENOUS MOVEMENT (AUTOTOMIC)

46. ENDOGENOUS MOVEMENT
Is movement that is not known yet its cause certainly but predicted this motion is caused by stimulus that comes from the body of plant itself.
Examples
- the flowing movement of cytoplasm in cell
- the bending movement of leaf bid because of difference of growth velocity

47. EXOGENOUS MOVEMENT (ETIONOM/ESIONOM)

48. EXOGENOUS MOVEMENT
Is plant movement that it is caused by external stimulus
External stimulus such as : Light, gravity, water, touch, and chemical substance

49. The various kinds of exogenous movements in plants
Tropism movement
Nastic movement
Taxis movement

50. TROPISM MOVEMENT
Is movement of part of plant to stimulus that is movement direction is determined by the stimulus
Kinds of tropism
1. phototropism
2. geotropism
3. chemotropism
4. thigmotropism
5. hydrotropism

51. PHOTOTROPISM Is tropism movement that caused by stimulus of light
Examples
 the tip of plant that lies in room will bend to direction of incident light

52. GEOTROPISM Is tropism movement that follows earth gravitational force
positive geotropism is geotropism movement that its direction is downward
Negative geotropism is geotropism movement that its direction upward

53. GEOTROPISM

54. CHEMOTROPISM
Is tropism movement that is caused by chemical substances stimulus
Example :
 the movement of root to food/fertilizer substance in soil

55. THIGMOTROPISM
Is tropism movement that is caused by stimulus of touch to harder thing
Example
 Tendril of plant movement

56. HYDROTROPISM
Is the movement of plant root that is influenced by reservation of soil water.

57. NASTIC MOVEMENT

58. NASTIC MOVEMENT
Is plant movement to stimulus, that its direction is not determined by stimulus but by plant itself
Kind of nastic movement
1. photonasty
2. nictinasty
3. thigmonasty
4. thermonasty
5. complex nasty

59. PHOTONASTIC Is nasty movement that its caused by stimulus of light
example
 the opening of Mirabilis jalapa flower at certain time

60. NICTINASTY
Is nasty movement that its caused by dark condition (sleeping movement)
Examples
 the closing of Butterfly flower ‘s leaves at night
 the closing of compound leaves of Leucaena glauca at night

61. THIGMONASTY Is nasty movement that its caused by stumulus of touch
Example
 the closing of leaves
of Mimosa pudica
when touched

63. THERMONASTY Is nasty movement that is caused by temperature stimulus
Example
 Tulip flower will
develop if suddently
get temperature
increasement

64. COMPLEX NASTY
Is nasty movement that is caused by several factors altogether
Example
 the opening and closing of stomata is influenced by light, chemical substance and water

65. PICTURE THE OPENING AND CLOSING OF STOMATA

66. TAXIS MOVEMENT

67. TAXIS MOVEMENT
Is transfer movement of all part to stimulus that its direction is determined by the stimulus
Kinds of taxis movement
1. phototaxis
2. chemotaxis

68. PHOTOTAXIS Is taxis movement that is caused by stimulus of light
Example
 the movement of chlorophyll to surface/nearer surface the leaves to get the light

69. CHEMOTAXIS
Is the taxis movement that is caused by chemical substances stimulus.
Example
 movement of spermatozoid of moss and fern to ovum that is found in archegonium attracted to the sugar or protein that is produced by archegonium

70. HYGROSCOPIC MOVEMENT

71. HYGROSCOPIC MOVEMENT
Is movement of part of plant that is caused by the influence of the change of water level from its cells so happens non-homogenous wrinkling
Example
 the breaking of dried Calanchoe pinnata fruit (cocor bebek)

73. The opening of sporangium in fern as the cause of wrinkling annulus cells
ANULUS

74. The opening of sphorangium of moss as the cause of the wrinkling peristome cells