1. Greece from 479 – 404 BC
De Blois, pp. 99 – 105

2. Sparta and Athens after 479 BC
Who continued the fight against the Persians after 479 BC?
Athens
What occurred in 464 – 461 BC that threatened Sparta?
Helot revolt
Why did Athens wage war on Sparta from 461 – 446 BC?
Spartans asked for Athenian help to put down the helot revolt
When the Athenian army arrived, the Spartans sent it back home
Athens responded by waging war against Sparta.
What happened to Spartan power during this period?
Spartiate full citizens declined due to
reduced birth rates and
reduction of impoverished Spatiates to 2nd class citizens.

3. Delian League (477 – 404 BC) Who founded the Delian League?
Athens
Who joined the league?
Most Greek islands,
Greeks on the west coast of Asia Minor and
some other Greek cities.
What did members contribute to the league?
A few large islands (and Athens) contributed ships and soldiers.
Most cities contributed money to finance the league’s fleet and army.
Where was the league’s treasury kept?
On the island of Delos – thus the name.
What was the original purpose of the Delian League?
An alliance to fight Persia

4. Delian League (477 – 404 BC) [2]
What became of the league after 449 BC when hostilities against the Persians finally came to an end?
It became an instrument of Athens’ power politics.
The leagues territory became Athenian territory.
Allies could not leave the league.
Athens meddled in the allies’ internal affairs and established friendly democratic governments in several poleis.
Athens established network of colonies at strategic points (islands) as military bases; not independent, but part of an extended Athenian polis.
What was the common element for most members that wanted to leave the league?
They were oligarchies.
What polarity emerged during the 5th century in Greece?
Greeks in favor of democracy supporting Athens vs. those favoring oligarchy in support of Sparta.
Identify the key neutral states and Spartan allies.
Neutral states: Epirus and Corcyra
Spartan allies: Peloponnese, Corinth, Megara, Boeotia, and Macedonia

6. Athenian leaders in the 5th century
Themistocles and Pericles:
When?
Themistocles: C. 490 – 470
Pericles: C. 460 – 429
Objective, strategy and policies?
Athens to acquire a hegemony (strong influence, but not empire) over the whole of Greece
Prepare for conflict with Sparta by building long walls around Athens and her port Piraeus so they could be supported from the sea
expansionism externally and democracy internally
What was Athens’ aim in the war with Sparta that began in 461?
To extend her influence over central Greece and the Peloponnesian coast opposite Attica.
Where did Athens support revolt?
Egypt

7. Athenian leaders in the 5th cent. [2]
What was the result of this war?
Athens was crushed in Egypt in 454.
Athens was forced to conclude a compromise peace agreement with Sparta and abandon her aim in 446.
Why did the Athenians transfer the Delian League treasury to Athens?
After their failure in Egypt they feared that Persia might seize Delos.
What general shift in power and allegiances occurred in Greece between 446 and 431?
Athens’ power peaked.
Sparta recovered and became alarmed with Athens’ power.
Other Greek poleis viewed Athens’ success with anxiety and looked to Sparta for help in opposing Athenian imperialistic tendencies. Most Greek poleis that were not members of the Delian League were oligarchies that feared the spread of democracy.

8. Athens’ state income What were the sources of Athens’ state income?
Allies’ tributes paid to the league treasury
Silver mines at Laurium
Tolls and harbor dues levied at Piraeus
Head taxes and market dues paid by foreigners (metics) who worked in Athenian territories
Gold mines in Thrace
Athens’ large navy and political power enabled her to monopolize the grain trade and control prices.
Under what circumstances were Athenian citizens required to pay taxes?
Only in times of financial emergency (war)
Wealthy citizens were occasionally expected to equip a warship or to finance a building project or theatrical performance. These were called liturgies (public services).

9. The Great Peloponnesian War
When was the war?
431 – 404 BC
Who were the key opponents?
Athens and Sparta
How did the war start?
A conflict began between Athens and the Spartan maritime allies Corinth and Megara.
How was this war different from previous wars between Greek poleis?
The entire Greek world, from Ionia to Sicily, was engaged.
There was constant fighting involving large land and naval forces.

10. The Great Peloponnesian War [2]
What was Pericles’ strategy?
He developed a long term strategy.
He created a treasury of 6000 talents (a trireme cost a talent/month to maintain; a talent ~ years average worker salary).
His aim was to fight a strategic defense:
Launch a series of brief attacks on Sparta from the sea to entice them to besiege Athens, exhausting their resources.
Concentrate the population of Attica within the long walls.
Avoid pitched battle.
Exhaust Sparta’s war fund – her weakness.
What major setbacks did Athens suffer during the war?
Pericles died in 429
Severe plague killed 1/3 of the Athenian population from
Athens did not strictly follow Pericles’ strategy, but launched several risky expeditions.

13. The Great Peloponnesian War [3]
What was the outcome of the first stage of the war ( )?
Stalemate – Athens concluded a peace treaty on reasonable terms.
What was the outcome of the second stage of the war ( )?
Athens lost.
What happened with the Athenians invasion of Sicily?
Syracuse, with Spartan aid, defeated Athens and she lost the best part of her army and navy.
What advice did Alcibiades give to Sparta?
Establish a permanent military base in Attica.
Help Syracuse.
Open up relations with Persia to seek their aid.

14. Phase 1: Archidamian war
(431 – 421B.C.)
Peace of Nicias
(421 – 414 B. C.)
Phase 2: Decelean (or Ionian) War
(414 – 404 B.C.)

15. The Great Peloponnesian War [4]
What events eventually led to Athens’ surrender?
Sparta occupied Decelea in Attica and used it as a base to disrupt the regional agriculture and prevent access to the silver mines at Laurium.
1000’s of slaves escaped; Athens was cut off from major food supplies and income.
Persia sided with Sparta; gave them the means to build a strong fleet.
Many of Athens’ allies defected.
405 – Athenian fleet was decisively defeated by the Spartan Lysander off Aegospotami (Dardanelles)
404 – lack of food forced Athens to surrender.
What were the results of the war for Athens and the Delian League?
Adult male citizen pop. decreased from 35,000 to 21,000 during war
Delian league was dissolved
Long walls were pulled down
Pro-Sparta oligarchy installed in Athens (for 1 yr)