1. Prof. Harry W. Martinez M.Ed. Universidad del Sagrado Corazón
Class ING 208
Prof. Harry W. Martinez M.Ed.
Universidad del Sagrado Corazón

2. Reflection

4. PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION GUIDELINES
Basic rules: In phonetic writing:
1-We usually put the words in slanted brackets.
2-If we are dealing with a text, then we usually use single brackets to indicate a comma:
3-To indicate a full stop we use double slanted brackets to enclose the sentence: //basic phonetic course//

5. 4- Square brackets: [ ] are used in narrow transcriptions (mainly by linguists). [doctor blackwood has just arrived]
5-Since we are going to deal with broad transcription all along this course, we shall use slanted brackets to enclose the sentences: //---//
6. Capital letters or punctuation marks such as (question mark-/?/ or colon /:/) are not used in Phonetic transcriptions. Simply because IPA does not follow conventional writing rules.

6. 7. We do not use double letters: (write them as one letter as in: business letters= bɪznəs letəs)
8. In connected speech there are often no gaps between words. In the transcribed version we tend to stick the words together to create chunks of words for the sake of stress patterns. (See rhythmic groups)
9- (ʳ) is not a sound — it is a short way of saying that an r is pronounced only in American English. For example, if you write that the pronunciation of car is /kɑ:ʳ/, you mean that it is /kɑ:r/ in American English, and /kɑ:/ in British English.
Note: In UK, r will be heard if ʳ is followed by a vowel. For example, //bɪfɔr ædmɪnəstərɪŋ// the middle /r/ links the two words.

7. Articulatingposition
Consonants
+ examples
Articulatingmanner
Voice Type
1.Bilabial
/p/ power
Plosive/stop
Voiceless
2.Bilabial
/b/ blood
Plosive
Voiced
3.Alveolar
/t/ tiger
4.Alveolar
/d/ dog
5.Velar
/k/ key
6.Velar
/g/ flag
7.Labio-dental
/f/ flowers
Frictional
8.Labio-dental
/v/ vein
9.Interdental
/ θ / thumb
10.interdental
/ ð / mother

8. Articulatingposition
Consonants
+ examples
Articulatingmanner
Voice Type
11. Alveolar
/s/
Frictional
Voiceless
12. Alveolar
/z/ zebra
Voiced
13.Post-alveolar
/r/ ring
14.Pre-palatal
/ ʃ / crash
15.Pre-palatal
/ ʒ /vision
16.Glottal
/h/ horse
17.Pre-palatal
/ tʃ / chess
Affricate
18.Pre-palatal
/ dʒ / jazz
19. Bilabial
/m/ money
Nasal
20.Alveolar
/n/ nose*

9. 21.Velar / ŋ / singer Nasal Voiced 22.Bilabial /w/ witch Gliding
Articulatingposition
Consonants
+ examples
Articulatingmanner
Voice Type
21.Velar
/ ŋ / singer
Nasal
Voiced
22.Bilabial
/w/ witch
Gliding
23.Palatal
/j/ yellow
24.Alveolar
/l/ lemon
Lateral
voiced

10. VOWEL PRONUNCIATION SYSTEM DESCRIBING VOWELS
English vowels can be described using the following glossary:
1-Tongue height: whether the tongue is high or low.
Mouth: close, open, half close, half open.
2-Charactersitics of vowels: frontness andbackness, length.
Whether the front or the back of the tongue is raised.
3-Tenseness-laxness: whether the muscles are tense or lax
4-Lips: whether the lips are rounded, spread or neutral.
Note: The 5 long vowels are different from the seven short vowels not only by their length but also in quality

12. Describing diphthongs
1-In cow /kau/ the first vowel sound glides to the next vowel smoothly.
2-Lengthwise, diphthongs are like long vowels as in: like/laik/
3-The first part of a diphthong is stronger and longer than the second.
4-That is why they have falling intonation:

13. We can classify them according to the second element as in the table below:
CHART
Glides into i- closing
/ai/ /ei/ / ɔɪ /
Glides into u- closing /au/ /əu/
Glides into schwa-centring
/ɪəʳ/ /uəʳ/ / eəʳ/

17. Triphthongs
In fire /faiə/ there is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third. All this is produced rapidly and without interruption. The triphthongs can be looked at as the five closing diphthongs plus a schwa at the end.

20. VOWEL PRONUNCIATION SYSTEM
Vowels
Articulation position & Examples
1./ ɪ /
High-mid front unrounded: wish, fish
2./i:/
High, long, and front unrounded: tree
3. /æ/
Low, open-front vowel: black cat
4./a:/
Low, open-back vowel: arm, car
5./ ɒ /
Open, back vowel: dog
6./ ɔ:/
Half-open, back vowel: horse / hɔ:s/
7./ ʊ /
Half-close, back vowel: bull
8./u:/
Close, back vowel: boot
9. /ə/
Central vowel: only in unstressed syllables: away /ə’wei/
10. / ɜ:ʳ/
Half-close, central vowel: bird / /

21. Vowels
Articulation position & Examples
11./e/ /ɛ/
Half-open, front vowel. Egg / /
12./ ʌ/
Half-open, central vowel. Lucky cup / /
13./ai/
low central unrounded: bike
14./ei/
Mid-high front unrounded: train
15./ ɔɪ /
mid back rounded: boy /bɔɪ/
16./au/
Low central rounded: cow /kau/
17./ əu/
Mid-high back rounded: phone
18. /ɪəʳ/
Near= /nɪəʳ/
19./uəʳ/
Pure, sure=/ʃuəʳ/
20./ eəʳ/
Air/eəʳ/

22. The concept of stressed syllables in words or sentences:
In every word or sentence there is a sort of wave of prominence in the intonation. This wave could be visualized as a line with peaks. Each sound which has a peak should be considered syllabic and the word or phrase is said to contain as many syllables as prominent peaks.

23. Exercise Write the toungue twisters phonetically
Three witches are watching three watches The question is, Which witch is watching which watch?
2. ˈʃiː ˈselz ˈʃelz ˈbaɪ ðə [seashore] ðə ˈʃelz ˈʃiː ˈselz ˈɑr [seashore] ˈʃelz ˈaɪm ˈʃʊr. 
3. Moses supposes his toeses are roses.
But Moses supposes erroneously
Because Moses knowses his toeses
aren't roses
As Moses supposes.

24. 4. ˈpiːtər ˈpaɪpər ˈpɪkt ə ˈpek əv ˈpɪkəld ˈpepər ˈɪf ˈpiːtər ˈpaɪpər ˈpɪkt ə ˈpek əv ˈpɪkəld ˈpepər ˈwerz ðə ˈpek əv ˈpɪkəld ˈpepər ˈpiːtər ˈpaɪpər
ˈpɪkt? 
5. How much wood would Mr. Woode chuck
If he could chuck wood for his church?
He would chuck as much wood as he could,
I'm sure.
6. [Mr]. ˈθɔt ˈhæd ˈθriː ˈθɔts ðə ˈθɔts ˈwər ˈpərfɪkliː θɔtlis ˈðeɪ (ˈ)wərnt ˈθɔtfəl ət ˈɔl ˈaɪm ˈʃʊr.  

25. 7. I'm not the pheasant plucker
I'm the pheasant plucker's mate
I'm plucking the pheasant
Because the pheasant plucker's late.
8. ˈwiː ʃəl ˈweðər ðə ˈweðər ˈweðər ðə ˈweðər ˈɪz ˈkoʊld ˈɔr ˈweðər ðə ˈweðər ˈɪz ˈhɑt
ˈwiː ʃəl ˈweðər ðə ˈweðər
wɑtˈevər ˈbiː ðə ˈweðər.

26. Exercise Write the toungue twisters phonetically
ˈθriː ˈwɪtʃɪz ˈɑr ˈwɑtʃɪŋ ˈθriː ˈwɑtʃɪz ðə ˈkwestʃən ˈɪz
ˈwɪtʃ ˈwɪtʃ ˈɪz ˈwɑtʃɪŋ ˈwɪtʃ ˈwɑtʃ?
Three witches are watching three watches The question is, Which witch is watching which watch?
2. She sells shells by the seashore
The shells she sells are seashore shells
I'm sure.
ˈʃiː ˈselz ˈʃelz ˈbaɪ ðə [seashore] ðə ˈʃelz ˈʃiː ˈselz ˈɑr [seashore] ˈʃelz ˈaɪm ˈʃʊr. 
3. Moses supposes his toeses are roses.
But Moses supposes erroneously
Because Moses knowses his toeses
aren't roses
As Moses supposes.
ˈmoʊzəz səˈpoʊzɪz (h)ɪz [toeses] ˈɑr roʊˈzeɪz. ˈbət ˈmoʊzəz səˈpoʊzɪz [erroneously]
bɪˈkɔz ˈmoʊzəz [knowses] (h)ɪz [toeses] ˈɑrnt roʊˈzeɪz
əz ˈmoʊzəz səˈpoʊzɪz.

27. ˈpiːtər ˈpaɪpər ˈpɪkt ə ˈpek əv ˈpɪkəld ˈpepər ˈɪf ˈpiːtər ˈpaɪpər ˈpɪkt ə ˈpek əv ˈpɪkəld ˈpepər ˈwerz ðə ˈpek əv ˈpɪkəld ˈpepər ˈpiːtər ˈpaɪpər ˈpɪkt? 
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper
Where's the peck of pickled pepper Peter Piper
picked?
5. How much wood would Mr. Woode chuck
If he could chuck wood for his church?
He would chuck as much wood as he could,
I'm sure.
ˈhæʊ ˈmətʃ ˈwʊd wəd [Mr]. [Woode] ˈtʃək ˈɪf ˈhiː kəd ˈtʃək ˈwʊd fər (h)ɪz ˈtʃərtʃ? ˈhiː wəd ˈtʃək əz ˈmətʃ ˈwʊd əz ˈhiː kəd, ˈaɪm ˈʃʊr.
6. Mr. Thought had three thoughts
The thoughts were perfectly thoughtless
They weren't thoughtful at all
I'm sure
[Mr]. ˈθɔt ˈhæd ˈθriː ˈθɔts ðə ˈθɔts ˈwər ˈpərfɪkliː θɔtlis ˈðeɪ (ˈ)wərnt ˈθɔtfəl ət ˈɔl ˈaɪm ˈʃʊr.  

28. 7. I'm not the pheasant plucker
I'm the pheasant plucker's mate
I'm plucking the pheasant
Because the pheasant plucker's late.
ˈaɪm ˈnɑt ðə ˈfezənt [plucker] ˈaɪm ðə ˈfezənt [plucker\'s] ˈmeit ˈaɪm ˈpləkɪŋ ðə ˈfezənt bɪˈkɔz ðə ˈfezənt [plucker\'s] ˈleɪt.
8. We shall weather the weather
Whether the weather is cold
Or whether the weather is hot
We shall weather the weather
Whatever be the weather.
ˈwiː ʃəl ˈweðər ðə ˈweðər ˈweðər ðə ˈweðər ˈɪz ˈkoʊld ˈɔr ˈweðər ðə ˈweðər ˈɪz ˈhɑt
ˈwiː ʃəl ˈweðər ðə ˈweðər
wɑtˈevər ˈbiː ðə ˈweðər.

29. Write a paragraph phoneltically of why or
do not do you like this class.

30. Reference