1. Animals in Research

2. Let’s review What is the AWA? Who does the AWA protect?
Around 97% of animals used in biomedical testing are what animal(s)?
What is the FDA? What do they regulate?
What is OSHA? What do they regulate?
What is the EPA? What do they regulate?

3. Review (cont.)
What organization helps prevent disease outbreaks worldwide?
What organization reviews protocols for animal research?
What organization is responsible for inspecting facilities and enforcing the AWA?
What does ASPCA stand for?

4. Review (cont.)
What is the voluntary agency which works on accreditation for facilities in reference to lab animal care?
What organization advocates for the ethical treatment of animals?

5. Animals and Humans Share most of their DNA with humans
Ex: Chimpanzees share 96% of DNA
Systems often very similar
Ex: Cardiovascular system of pig

6. Smallpox Research 1796 Cowpox: mild viral infection impacting cows
Edward Jenner-relationship between smallpox and cowpox
Tested when approached by a dairymaid diagnosed with cowpox
Cowpox transmitted cow-human and human-human
People only ill short term…test, retest…
By 1967, vaccine developed which led to eradication

7. Anthrax 1881 Pasteur- 2 groups of 25 sheep, 1 goat, and several cows
Treatment and control groups
Injected with anthrax
Vaccine proven to be successful

8. Rabies 1885 Disease causing convulsions and death
Impacts wild and domestic animals
Spread animal-human
Rabbits and Dogs used to study and find a viable treatment option

9. Continued Animal Testing Throughout History
1902: lifecycle of Malaria discovered (pigeons)
1905: pathogenesis of TB discovered (cows, sheep)
1933: Vaccine for Tetanus developed (horse)

10. Poliomyelitis 1954 Crippling disease leading to paraylysis
Albert Sabin
Used rabbits, monkeys, and rats
Developed oral polio vaccine
Within it’s first 2 years, OPV estimated to have prevented approximately 500,000 deaths and 5,000,000 cases of polio

11. Heart Disease
1956
Dogs used to research and improve treatments to combat heart disease
Pacemakers
Open heart surgery
Were humans the only beneficiaries?

12. More Animal Testing Throughout History
1990: Organ transplantation techniques advanced (dog, sheep, cow, pig)
2009: Autism gene discovered (mice)
2011: Thought-powered prosthetic limb developed (monkey)

13. Lou Gehrig’s Disease (ALS)
Early 2000s
Medication that delays onset and subsequent loss of strength
Studied in Mice

14. Anesthesia Drug: prevents sensation of pain during surgery
Late 1800s-Cocaine
Neurological effects studied in dogs
Various studies throughout history have led us to where we are today