1. Bellringer
The flower on the left is a ___________ and the flower on the right is a ______________.

2. Structure of Seed Plants
Chapter 4 Section 4
Roots, Stems, and Leaves

3. Roots Functions: Anchor plants Absorb water and minerals from soil
Store food

4. Types of Roots Fibrous roots Taproots Has many similar sized roots
Form dense tangled mass
Take a lot of soil when you pull them up
Grass, corn, scallions
Taproots
Has one long thick main root
Smaller roots branch off main root
Hard to pull out of ground
Carrots, dandelions, cacti

5. The Structure of a Root Structure Location Function Root cap
Tip of root
Protects the root from injury from rocks as root grows through soil
Root hairs
Grow out of roots surface
Enter spaces between soil particles to absorb water and minerals
Xylem
In vascular tissue
Transports water and nutrients upward
Phloem
Transports food manufactured in leaves to roots

6. Stems Functions: Carries substances between plants roots and leaves
Provides support for plant
Holds leaves up so they are exposed to the sun

7. The Structure of a Stem Contain no wood and are soft
Herbaceous
Woody
Contain no wood and are soft
Coneflowers, pepper plants
Have phloem and xylem
Hard and rigid
Roses, woody stems
Have phloem and xylem
Layers
Outer bark-protects the cells inside
Inner bark- living phloem
Cambium- produces new phloem and xylem
Sapwood- active xylem that transports water and nutrients
Heartwood- old inactive xylem that helps support the tree
Annual rings- each ring of xylem (a band of light wood and a band of dark wood represents one year’s growth

8. The Structure of a Stem
Herbaceous
Woody

9. Leaves
Responsible for capturing the sun’s energy and carrying out the food-making process of photosynthesis.
Come in all shapes and sizes
Pines have needles
Birch trees have small rounded leaves

10. The Structure of a Leaf Structure Function Cuticle Controls water loss
Xylem
-Carries water absorbed by roots to leaves
Phloem
-Carries food made in leaves during photosynthesis to rest of plant
Stomata
-Tiny pores
-Let in CO2
-Let out oxygen and water vapor
Lower leaf cells
-Widely spaced cells
-Allow CO2 to reach cells for photosynthesis
-Allow oxygen to escape in air
Upper leaf cells
-Tightly packed cells
-Trap sunlight's energy
-Contain most chloroplast