1. Essential Questions
1. What social, political, and economic issues tended to divide Americans in the period prior to the Civil War? 2. Why did the election of Abraham Lincoln seem to increase sectional tensions in the prewar period? 3. What impact did political and military leadership have on the conduct of the war? 4. How did the war affect minorities during the period (women, free blacks, slaves, immigrants)? 5. How did the Civil War “make” modern America?

2. Fundamental Causes of the War
Sectionalism and states’ rights
Slavery
Economic issues
The North and South differed on the proper function of the federal government. In the North, most felt that the power of the federal government was supreme over the power of the states. Most Southerners felt differently, believing that state governments and loyalty to one’s state or region should take precedence over federal power and allegiance to the nation as a whole.
The North—with an abundance of free, skilled labor—had little use for slavery. The South, however, with a smaller population and an agricultural economy, needed labor brought in from outside the white population. Slavery fit that bill nicely, although only a small percentage of white Southerners owned slaves. As the United States expanded due to territorial acquisitions and the doctrine of Manifest Destiny, a struggle ensued as to whether slavery should be allowed in those territories.
It becomes evident early on in the nation’s history that the North and South were moving in different economic directions. The North thrived on its industrial economy, while the South remained primarily agricultural. As a result, the South frequently opposed tariffs for internal improvements that the North supported. In the 1830s, tariff debates nearly led to secession of Southern states, especially South Carolina.

3. The Civil War (1861-1865) Through Maps, Charts, Graphs & Pictures

4. Northern Advantages Larger population More ships
North 22 million
South Only 9 million
More ships
Larger, more efficient railroad system
Lincoln - Very intelligent and dedicated
More industry - 81% of nation’s factories
Better banking system to raise $ for the war
75% of nation’s wealth

5. Union Advantages Wealth produced: Factory production
Textile goods produced
Iron production
Coal production
Farm acreage
Draft animals
Livestock
Wheat production
Corn production

6. Confederate Advantages
Fighting a defensive war
Local support of all men
familiarity with terrain
Motivation: seeking independence, unified support
Short communication lines/ friendly population
Experienced officer corps- (Lee, Jackson, Pickett)
Cotton - necessary for textile factories of England and France
Slave Labor in the early part of the war

7. Confederate Disadvantages
Smaller population
Few factories to manufacture weapons and supplies
Poor transportation system
Weak federal government = not strong enough to control Southern states
Jefferson Davis did not have complete power like Lincoln

8. Rating the North & the South

9. Slave/Free States Population, 1861

10. Railroad Lines, 1860

11. Resources: North & the South

12. The Union & Confederacy in 1861

13. Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

14. Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South Combined

15. Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
Confederate forces asked for its surrender.
Lincoln refused and sent ships with supplies.
Confederate cannons began firing on April 12, 1861. 
Fort Sumter fell 34 hours later.
The Civil War began.

16. Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
Confederate officials began seizing federal-mint branches, arsenals, and military posts.
Fort Sumter was a Union outpost in Charleston, SC.

17. The Leaders of the Confederacy
Pres. Jefferson Davis
VP Alexander Stevens

18. A Northern View of Jeff Davis

19. Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy:
“Anaconda” Plan

20. The “Anaconda” Plan

21. Union Strategy “Anaconda Plan”
Goal: surround the Confederacy and squeeze them into submission
Requires them to cut off resources from the south for easier victory.

22. Confederate Strategy
Goal: to be recognized as an independent nation in order to preserve their way of life
Defend its homeland, holding onto as much territory as possible until the North got tired of fighting
Capture Washington, D.C.
Control border states
Gain England's support
Expel Union troops from South

23. George McClellan, Again!
Lincoln’s Generals
Winfield Scott
Joseph Hooker
Ulysses S. Grant
Irwin McDowell
George McClellan
George Meade
Ambrose Burnside
George McClellan, Again!

24. McClellan: I Can Do It All!

25. The Confederate Generals Nathan Bedford Forrest
“Stonewall” Jackson
Nathan Bedford Forrest
George Pickett
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
Robert E. Lee

26. Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) July, 1861

27. Bull Run (Manassas) On July 21, 1861
First real major conflict of the American Civil War.
Conf. General “Stonewall”Jackson held his ground and prevented retreat
The battle proved that this was not going to be a one sided war for either side. The battle spurred a sense of victory in the South, pushing them on, and in the North a feeling for revenge.
Confed. wins 2nd Battle of Bull Run 1862

28. The Monitor vs. the Merrimac
The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862
The Monitor vs. the Merrimac

29. Battle of the Ironclads
First ever combat with 2 ironclad ships
Merrimac= Confed.
Monitor= Union
Monitor wins when Merrimac retreats

30. Damage on the Deck of the Monitor

31. Buy Your Way Out of Military Service

32. War in the East:

33. Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War”
September 17, 1862
23,000 casualties

34. Battle of Antietam
First time the Confederacy invaded Northern territory was the Battle of Antietam.
It was bloodiest battle DAY in United States history. 23,000 causalities that day.
The Union army stopped the Confederate army. This “victory” by the Union gave President Lincoln the chance to announce the abolition of slavery in the South.

35. Emancipation in 1863