3. 1848
“The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles “ - Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
“The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward women “ - Elizabeth Cady Stanton

4. Key feminist goals, 19th century
Right to vote
Abolition of “coverture”
Legal independence
Right to equal education
Right to protection against violence within and beyond marriage
Voluntary motherhood

5. Pre-civil war feminists: Susan Anthony, Amelia Bloomer, Elizabeth Stanton, Sojourner Truth, Lucy Stone,

6. “This hour belongs to the Negro.”
Frederick Douglas
“Do you believe the African race is composed entirely of males?”
Elizabeth Cady Stanton

7. “Women first and Negro last; that is my program.” George Francis Train

8. 1869
National Woman Suffrage Association; Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony; strategy: work outside the Republican party
American Women Suffrage Association; Lucy Stone; strategy: work within the Republican party

9. “Why is the sex barrier not taken as seriously as the racial one
“Why is the sex barrier not taken as seriously as the racial one?” – Gloria Steinem, 2008

10. 1900:
5,319,000 women worked for wages
932,000 in clothing or textile mills
2 million women worked as domestic servants

12. New labor leaders: Leonora O’Reilly (drawn by a friend) and Mary Kenny O’Sullivan

13. Female voting would disrupt “a natural equilibrium so nicely adjusted to the attributes of both women and men.” – Grover Cleveland
Urban reform has failed “because women, the traditional housekeepers, have not been consulted as to its multiform activities.” - Jane Addams

14. The “non-partisan” women’s voter movement predated women’s federal suffrage and extended in the 1920s
NAWSA founded in 1890

16. The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911; above top right: Frances Perkins

17. White and African American women fought for suffrage, but often separately

19. Women’s suffrage map

20. Above: Alice Paul; Women’s suffrage march, Washington, D. C
Above: Alice Paul; Women’s suffrage march, Washington, D.C., 1913; picketing the White House, 1917

21. “It is a risk, a danger to a country like ours to send 1,000,000 men out of the country who are loyal and not replace those men by the loyal values of the women they have left at home.”
Carrie Chapman Catt

22. 19th amendment ratified on August 26, 1920