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Decolonization
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Decolonization How might we compare/contrast the movements for freedom in India and South Africa? How might we compare/contrast Gandhi and Mandela? And with other advocates for freedom?
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Decolonization European Imperialism First wave: 15th to 17th centuries
Second wave (ca ) New players Facilitated by Industrial Revolution Focus: Asia, Africa European expansion in the Americas
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Decolonization
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Decolonization
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Indian Independence India before the Raj Long history
Considerable diversity Caste system Mughal Empire
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Indian Independence The British Raj
Presence began with British East India Company Great Mutiny of 1857 direct British rule Promoted industrialization economic profit Coronation of George V and Mary, Delhi Durbar (1911)
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Indian Independence Indian Nationalism
Foreign presence Indian self-awareness Indian National Congress (INC) established 1885 Growing discontent after WWI alliance between Hindus, Muslim League
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Indian Independence Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) Hindu lawyer
United all Indians in Congress movement Strategy: collective, nonviolent resistance Led “peace soldiers”
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Indian Independence
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Indian Independence
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Indian Independence Independence Granted 1947 India, Pakistan
Civil war! Gandhi assassinated (1948) Hostilities remain today
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Indian Independence Questions?
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African Independence European Objectives in Africa (1880-1914)
Raw materials, cheap labor International rivalry, nationalism “The white man’s burden” “The Rubber Coils” (1906)
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African Independence Decolonization (1950s to 1970s)
Growing nationalism, distaste for imperialism “Africa for Africans” Paths to independence Orderly, little violence Delayed and violent, due to settler populations
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South Africa South Africa AFRIKANERS Granted independence 1910
Industry, mines Population Black Africans Afrikaners British
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South Africa Apartheid
Official system of social engineering intended to keep races separated Society BANTUSTANS “Pass laws” Best jobs reserved for whites Government under white control
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South Africa African Resistance
Protests, rise of African National Congress (ANC) Government response MASSACRE IN SHARPEVILLE (March 21, 1960) Banned ANC Underground movement turned to violence Massacre in Sharpeville
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South Africa Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) Attorney, ANC member
Believed in nonracial social democracy Tried for “crimes” against state ( ) Sentenced to life imprisonment
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South Africa The End of Apartheid SA faced internal, external pressure
Mandela released 1990 Negotiations between De Klerk and Mandela end of apartheid Mandela elected president ( )
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South Africa
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South Africa
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South Africa Questions?
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Decolonization How might we compare/contrast the movements for freedom in India and South Africa? How might we compare/contrast Gandhi and Mandela? And with other advocates for freedom?
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