1. Human Population Advance Environmental Engineering Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University College of Graduate Studies

2. Basic Concepts in Population Dynamics Population - A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area of interbreeding and sharing genetic information. Species - All individuals that are capable of interbreeding. Made up of populations. Population Dynamics - The general study of population changes.

3. Terms to Know… Birth Rate (BR) - Number of births per 1000 population. Death Rate (DR) - Number of deaths per 1000 population Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) - (Birth Rate – Death Rate)/ 10 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) - Number of Infant deaths per 1000 live births Total Fertility Rate (TFR) - Average number of children born to a woman of childbearing age given her country’s birth rate and death rate

4. Sample Computation… A country has a total population of 250 million people, with four million births and one million deaths over a year-long period. Birthrate per 1000 population = (Births per year/Total population) * 1000 = (4,000,000/250,000,000) * 1000 = 0.016 * 1000 = 16 Death Rate per 1000 population = (Deaths per year/Total population) * 1000 = (1,000,000/250,000,000) * 1000 = 0.004 * 1000 = 4 Rate of Natural Increase = (Birthrate - Death Rate) * 10 = (16 - 4) * 10 = 1.2%

5. Brief History of Human Population Growth 1. Hunters and gatherers -The worlds population was probably less than a few million 2. Early, pre-industrial agriculture -Allowed a much greater density of people -The first major increase in human population 3. Machine Age -Industrial revolution led to rapid increase in human population 4. The Modern Era -Rate of population has slowed in wealthy nations but continues to increase rapidly in poorer, less developed nations.

6. Brief History of Human Population Growth

8. Malthusian Theory Thomas Robert Malthus was the first economist to propose a systematic theory of population. He articulated his views regarding population in his famous book, Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), for which he collected empirical data to support his thesis. Malthus had the second edition of his book published in 1803, in which he modified some of his views from the first edition, but essentially his original thesis did not change.

9. Malthus theory of population growth 1. Population grows at a geometric rate. i.e. 1,2,4,16,32 etc. 2. Food production increases at an arithmetic rate i.e. 1,2,3,4,5,6 etc. 3. Population tends to outstrip food supply

10. Malthus theory of population growth A. Positive Checks (Natural Checks) 4. Checks on Population Growth - DISEASE - STARVATION - WAR B. Preventive Checks - ABSTINENCE - LATE MARRIAGE

11. Marxist Theory of Population Growth Karl Marx (1818-1893) was a German philosopher and founder of modern communism. His theory of population was christened as theory of surplus population. Karl Marx completely rejected Malthusian theory.

12. Marxist Theory of Population Growth 1. Marx dismiss the Malthusian notion that the rising population, rather than capitalism, was the cause of all ills. 2. When the society is well ordered, increase in population should lead to greater wealth, not hunger and misery. 3. He believed the system of capitalism has the capacity to produce food and other necessities, but it was the unequal distribution of social and economic wealth.

13. Malthusian vs. Marxian Theory Greater population will outstrip food resources results to a food crisis!!! NO! Increase in population leads to greater wealth! As long as the resources is properly distributed!!!

14. Demographic Transition Refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre- industrial to an industrialized economic system. There are four stages to the classical demographic transition model: 1. Pre-Modern 2. Urbanizing/Industrializing 3. Mature Industrial 4. Post Industrial

15. Demographic Transition

16. -Disease -Famine -Lack of clean water and sanitation -Lack of health care -War -Limited Food supply -Lack of education. -Lack of family planning -High infant mortality rate -Need for workers in agriculture -Religious beliefs -Children as economic assets -Lack of future planning about health sector

17. Demographic Transition -People are used to having many children -Religious beliefs -Lack of family planning -Improved hygiene -Improved health care system -Improved sanitation -Improved food production and storage -Improved transport of food

18. Demographic Transition -Improved maternal and child health -Contraceptives -Working women have less time to devote child rearing. -Better health care -Improved sanitation -Improved quality and quantity of food.

19. Demographic Transition -Family Planning -Good Health -Improved status of women -later marriages -Improved health care -High quality and quantity of food supply

20. Demographic Transition DEVELOPED NATIONS (ie. Europe) DEVELOPING NATIONS (ie. Asian Nations)

21. Effect of One Child Policy in China

22. Family Planning “ A way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge, attitudes and responsible decisions by individuals and couples, in order to promote the health and welfare of the family group and thus contribute effectively to the social development of a country” (World Health Organization)

23. Objectives of Family Planning 1. To avoid unwanted births. 2. To bring out wanted births. 3. To regulate intervals between pregnancies. 4. To control the time at which births occur in relation to the ages of the parent; and. 5. To determine the number of children in the family.

24. Family Planning…

25. Challenges of Modern Family Planning 1. Religious beliefs prevent couples from using modern family planning methods 3. Couples are not aware about modern family planning methods, especially long term methods. 2. Women do not like the side effects of some methods 4. Misconceptions about the modern methods.

26. Birth Control Methods

27. Barrier Method 1.Condoms (male and female) 2.Spermicidal 3.Sponge 4.Diaphragm 5.Cervical Cap

28. Intrauterine Devices Intrauterine Devices (IUD) is a small, T-shaped, plastic device that is inserted and left inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy

29. Hormonal Method Hormonal Method of birth control prevent eggs from being released from the ovaries, thicken cervical mucus to prevent sperm from entering the uterus, and thin the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation.

30. Post coital Method/ Emergency Contraception Emergency Contraception (EC) is any method of contraception which is used after intercourse and before the potential time of implantation High doses of vitamin C, aspirin or chloroquine. Douches of coca cola, tequila, baking soda, urine.

31. Permanent Sterilization The most effective method with failure rate of 1/2000 so in this there is permanent termination. 1. VASECTOMY (MALE) 2. TUBECTOMY (FEMALE)

32. Philippine Status The Philippine population would continue to grow, increasing from 76.5 million in year 2000 to 141.7 million in year 2040. (National Statistics Office) Current population : 103.3 million as of 2016.

33. Philippine Status In comparison with other countries, the Philippine ranked 12 th among the countries of the world in terms of total population. The Philippines is ranked fifth among Southeast Asian countries in annual population growth rate

34. Philippine Status Mean age at marriage for males is 20 and 19 for females. Mean age at having 1 st child is 19. Almost 10% of young Filipino women aged 15-19 has already given birth. Adolescent pregnancy is 30% of all annual births Poor and uneducated women marry and give birth earlier in life, than women with higher education.

35. Philippine Status More than 10 Filipino women die daily due to pregnancy and childbirth. Poor women have 3 times more children than the rich. Population growth rate (PGR) is pegged at 2.04% which translate to about 2 million new Filipinos yearly

36. RA 10354: The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 Known as the Reproductive Health Law or RH Law, which guarantees universal access to methods on contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and maternal care. With the RH law in full swing, much is to be expected of the Philippines in achieving empowerment in the coming years, according to advocates. Results, however, are yet to be seen.

37. References http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/259277/population-growth-philippines-problem-or- potential-christopher-white https://www.slideshare.net/Imani23/marxist-theory-on-population-growth https://www.slideshare.net/yahui_tan/malthus-theory-of-population-growth https://www.slideshare.net/RalphBawalan/reproductive-health-and-population https://www.slideshare.net/elamparojohn/gad-programs-echon http://slideplayer.com/slide/5715124/ http://cgge.aag.org/PopulationandNaturalResources1e/CF_PopNatRes_Jan10/CF_PopNatRes_Jan10 3.html https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/hormonal-methods-of-birth-control https://www.slideshare.net/sharanjhajj/family-planning-33436461 http://aboutislam.net/family-society/your-society/family-planning-religion-social-pressures/