1. Human Growth and Development NUR 311 Concepts of Growth & Development Lecture 1

2. Growth & Development Growth Development
Change in quantity and results when cells divide and synthesize new proteins
Increase in size & weight of the whole or any of the body parts
Development
- Development = A gradual change in abilities, emotions and skills as people get older

3. Maturation An increase in competence and adaptability; aging.
Usually used to describe a qualitative change.

4. Developmental task
The skills and competencies peculiar to each developmental stage that children must accomplish or master in order to deal effectively with their environments.

5. Developmental age periods

6. Prenatal period: Conception (fertilization) to birth.
Germinal : conception to 12 weeks
Embryonic: 2 to 8 weeks
Fetal : 8 to 40 weeks
A rapid growth rate and total dependency
Most critical and important stage of development
Mother condition determines fetal growth and development

7. Infancy period : Birth to 12 months
Neonatal: the first month of life.
Infancy : 1 to 12 months
Rapid motor, social and cognitive development.
The first month of infancy considered to different from the remainder period due to its dramatical and extrauterine adjustments and adaptation with parents.

8. Early childhood: 1 to 6 years
Toddler : 1 to 3 years.
Preschooler: 3 to 6 years.
Characterized by discovery and activity.
Children acquire language and wide their social relationships.
Start to develop Self concept.

9. Middle childhood: 6 to 12 years.
Also called “school age”.
Establish new peer relationships with colleagues and the teacher.
Emphasis on developing skill competencies.

10. Later childhood: 12 to 18 years
Adolescence: 12 to 18 years.
Adolescence period is considered to be a tumultuous transitional period that begins at the onset of puberty and extends to adulthood.
Physical & emotional growth.

11. Adulthood and Aging
The adult years are a period of competency and ability.
The adult years do not have a sequence of precisely timed physiological events.
This is also true of the aging years from 65 years until death.

12. It is important to consider human growth and development across the whole lifespan.
infancy (0–1 years)
early childhood (1–6 years)
Middle childhood (6-12 years)
Late childhood (adolescence) (12–18 years)
early adulthood (19–45 years)
middle adulthood (46–65 years)
later adulthood (65+).

13. Patterns of growth and development
Directional trend:
Cephalocaudal or “head-to-tail” direction.
In which the head is developed before the trunk , child uses eyes before hands, and hands before feet.
Proximodistal: from midline to peripheral, hands then fingers.
Differentiation: from simple to complex, cell to system.

14. Cephalocaudal Proximodistal

15. Sequential trends: Developmental pace:
There is a definite and predictable sequence in which the development occurs
Developmental pace:
The rate of development is not fixed through all stages.

16. Development of Skills and Abilities
You need to learn about the development of
the following skills and abilities:
gross and fine motor skills
intellectual ability
emotional development
language skills
social skills.

17. Factors affecting growth & development:

18. Factors Affecting Development
inherited, (genetic ) factors and how these factors interact with environmental influences
socio-economic factors, including the effect of income, housing, nutrition, education and access to health services
local and global environmental influences, for example the impact of pollution on health

19. The following factors can affect human growth and development:
Gender
Income
Pollution
Ethnicity and religion
Diet
Genetic Inheritance
Housing conditions
Friendships

20. Life Experiences (birth, marriage, death and divorce)
Material possessions
Employment / unemployment
Family relationships
Amount and type of physical activity
Educational experiences
Access to health and welfare services
Experience of illness or disease