1. KINGDOM PROTISTA

2. Overview Cell number: Unicellular/Multicellular Cell type: Eukaryotic
Nutrition: Autotrophs & Heterotrophs
Habitat: Moist environments
Divided into three types:
animal-like
plant-like
fungus-like

3. Animal-like Protists
Protozoa—single-celled microscopic organisms that can move independently
Heterotrophic
Can be parasitic (live off other organisms, cause disease)
Live most anywhere that moisture is available

4. Protozoa Can have three types of locomotion (movement)
1. cilia—short, hair-like projections
2. flagella—long, whip-like “tails”
3. pseudopodia (“false feet”)—large, round cytoplasmic extensions that help move cell. They also surround and engulf food.

5. Protozoa in the News
Calvin and Hobbes (Bill Watterson)

6. Types of Protozoa: Amoebas
Ameobas (Sarcodines)
Use pseudopodia
Shape constantly changes
Live in fresh or salt water, soil
Amoeba engulfing a paramecium

7. Amoebas
Can cause disease:
Amoebic dysentery --spread by contaminated food or water; causes severe intestinal problems; can be fatal

8. Types of Protozoa: Ciliates
Have cilia
Live in ponds, slow moving streams
Example: Paramecium
Ciliated protozoan

9. Types of Protozoa: Flagellates
Have 1 or more flagella
Live in lakes, ponds
Many are parasitic
Ex: Giardia lamblia (intestinal parasite)

10. Types of Protozoa: Sporozoans
Produce spores
Many adult forms have no locomotion
Many are parasitic, live in blood and tissue of host

11. Sporozoans
Ex: toxoplasmosis—why pregnant women should not change litterboxes
Plasmodium—causes malaria, spread by bite of female Anopheles mosquito

12. Plant-like Protists: Algae
Unicellular or multicellular ALGAE
Can be very large OR microscopic
Photoautotrophic, go through photosynthesis
Reasons why algae is not a plant:
Lack organs (don’t have leaves, roots, stems)
Different type of reproduction than plants

13. Algae Phytoplankton—microscopic protists that live in water
Major source of food for ocean life
Major producer for food chain
Diatomaceous earth —when diatoms die, they settle at the bottom of oceans. Build up over time into layers. Material used as abrasive in cleaning supplies and toothpaste

14. Unicellular Algae: Euglena
Have flagella
Live in fresh water
Contractile vacuole —gets rid of excess water (hypotonic environments)

15. Euglena Very flexible (no cell wall)
Usually photosynthetic, but can be heterotrophic
Has an eyespot—helps cell find light

16. Unicellular Algae: Diatoms
Photosynthetic
Outer shells made of silica (glass-like material)
Release large amounts of oxygen
Large component of phytoplankton

17. Unicellular Algae: Dinoflagellates
Small, usually unicellular
Most photosyn., but can be heterotrophs
Tend to be yellow, green or red
Some are bioluminescent (glow)

18. Dinoflagellates Some produce “red tides”
release a toxin that kills fish and humans if we eat contaminated food

19. Multicellular Algae: Red Algae
Ocean seaweed
Live in deep waters
Used as a food (nori)

20. Multicellular Algae: Green Algae
Can be unicellular
Most diverse group of algae
Most live in fresh water, but can live in oceans, soil

21. Green Algae
Some are colonial (many cells living together)
Ex. Volvox

22. Multicellular Algae: Brown Algae
Usually in salt water
Large
Ex. Kelp

23. Fungus-like Protists
1st part of life cycle spent as an amoeba-like organisms
Later, they grow and look like a slimy, white/yellow mold
Can be seen without
microscope
Dog Vomit Mold

24. Fungus-like Protists Two types: slime molds water molds Examples:
white “fuzz” on dead fish/leaves
Potato Blight that caused the Irish Potato Famine
*THEY ARE ALL DECOMPOSERS*

25. Protists Reproduction
1. binary fission— asexual
2. conjugation— sexual
3. fragmentation—asexual; algae will break into pieces and each piece grows into a new individual

26. Reproduction: Alternation of Generations
Alternation of generation —life cycle that alternates between a haploid and diploid generation
haploid—gametes (gametophytes)
diploid—results from fusion of gametes (sporophytes)

27. KINGDOM FUNGI

28. Overview Eukaryotic Can be uni- or multicellular
Heterotrophic always (they absorb nutrients)
Cell walls made of chitin (a tough carbohydrate)

29. Structure
Hyphae—hair-like filaments of fungi that can group together to form larger structures called mycelium (a cluster of hyphae)

30. Structure

31. Uses of Fungi Decomposers for environment Make foods
Edible mushrooms, truffles
Bleu cheese
Breads and alcohols are made with yeast (a single celled fungus)
Medicines (ex: antibiotic Penicillin)

32. Nutrition
Fungi release enzymes that break down food outside of cells. Then, the fungi absorbs the nutrients from their surroundings

33. Obtaining Nutrients
Saprophyte—lives on dead organic (carbon-containing) matter
Parasite—absorbs nutrients from living cells

34. Obtaining Nutrients
Mutualistic—lives in a symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship with another organism
ex: Lichens—organisms made of both an algae (protist) and a fungus.
Algae - provides energy through photosynthesis
Fungi - provides moisture/place to grow

35. Fungi Reproduction
Type of reproduction that a fungus has is important in classification into species

36. Fungus Reproduction 1. Asexually
A. Fragmentation—part of hyphae breaks off and grows into a new mycelium
B. Budding—cells replicate their DNA, split into two identical cells
Ex: yeast
C. Spores—reproductive cells that can develop into new organisms (are NOT true seeds, but they act in a similar way)

37. Fungus Reproduction 2. Sexually Can happen occasionally
When hyphae from two different fungi meet, they can fuse together and make spores that combine genetic info from both hyphae

38. Fungal Infections Human infections
Can cause allergies/severe respiratory illnesses
Infect hair, skin, nails
Athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm are caused by the same fungus that can grow in various locations

39. Fungal Infections Plants Some “blights” are caused by fungi
Almost all chestnut trees have been infected with a blight

40. More Examples Unicellular: Multicellular Yeast (Sac fungus)
Colonies resemble bacteria
Are naturally occurring in humans, but when growth gets “out of control” can cause yeast infections
Multicellular
Mushroom (Club fungus)