1. SPİNE ANATOMY AND TUMORS
BAHAR PEZÜKLİ

2. . Vertebrae are the 33 individual bones that interlock with each other to form the spinal column. The vertebrae are numbered and divided into regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx.Only the top 24 bones are moveable; the vertebrae of the sacrum and coccyx are fused. The vertebrae in each region have unique features that help them perform their main functions

3. An adult spine has a natural S-shaped curve
An adult spine has a natural S-shaped curve. The neck (cervical) and low back (lumbar) regions have a slight concave curve, and the thoracic and sacral regions have a gentle convex curve.The curves work like a coiled spring to absorb shock, maintain balance, and allow range of motion throughout the spinal column.

9. A spinal nerve is any of the 31 pairs of nerves that arise from the spinal cord.

10. SPINAL TUMORS
A spinal tumor is a growth that develops within spinal canal or within the bones of spine. It may be cancerous or noncancerous.
Spinal tumors are seen less frequently than brain tumours and constitute approximately % of the central nervous system tumours.

11. Risk factors Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (neurofibroma)
Von Hippel-Lindau disease (hemangioblastoma)
A prior history of cancer

12. Loss of sensation, especially in your arms or legs
Depending on the location and type of spinal tumor, different signs and symptoms can develop.
Back pain, sometimes radiating to other parts of your body
Loss of sensation, especially in your arms or legs
Difficulty walking, sometimes leading to falls
Decreased sensitivity to pain, heat and cold
Loss of bowel or bladder function
Muscle weakness that may occur in varying degrees and in different parts of the body, depending on which nerves or part of the spinal cord is compressed

13. Tumors that affect the bones of the spine (vertebrae) are known as vertebral tumors.
Tumors that begin within the spinal cord itself are called spinal cord tumors. There are two main types of tumors that may affect the spinal cord:
Intramedullary tumors begin in the cells within the spinal cord itself
Extramedullary tumors develop within the supporting network of cells around the spinal cord. Although they don't begin within the spinal cord itself, these types of tumors may affect spinal cord function by causing spinal cord compression and other problems

15. Intramedullary tumors
astrocytomas or ependymomas.
Extramedullary tumors
İntradural schwannomas, meningiomas
Extradural metastases, myeloma, lymphoma, neurofibromas.

17. Extradural tumors are mostly metastases from primary cancers elsewhere (commonly breast, prostate and lung cancer)
These metastases are mostly seen in lumbar region.
2nd mostly in thoracal region

18. Intradural Extramedullary
Meningioma
Schwannoma
Meningiomas that occur in the membranes surrounding the spinal cord and are usually benign but may be malignant. These tumors are more common in middle age and elderly women.
Nerve sheath tumors (schwannomas and neurofibromas) that arise from the nerve roots that come off the spinal cord. Again, this type of tumor is usually benign and slow growing, and it may be years before any neurological problems occur.

19. Nerve Sheath Tumors Most common intradural extramedullary tumors
Most arise from dorsal sensory roots
Originate from Schwann cells or mesenchymal fibroblasts

20. SPİNAL SCHWANNOMA

21. Meningioma
The meninges are a protective lining around the brain and spinal cord. A meningioma is a tumor of these linings. Most meningiomas do not cause symptoms. But, if the meningioma grows, it can push on important parts of the brain.
Second most common nerve sheath tumor.
Typically benign and slow growing tumors.
Thoracic spine is most common site.
Mostly seen in middle aged or elderly women.

22. MENİNGİOMA

23. INTRAMEDULLARY TUMORS
Astrocytomas
Ependymomas

24. ASTROCYTOMA
Spinal astrocytomas are the second most common spinal cord tumor overall, representing 40% of intramedullary tumors. They account for 60% of pediatric intramedullary tumors, making them the most common spinal cord tumor in children.

25. ASTROCYTOMA

26. EPENDYMOMA Arise from ependymal cells lining the central canal.
Spinal ependymomas are the most common intramedullary neoplasm in adults, comprising 60% of all glial spinal cord tumour
Cystic degeneration and hemorrhage is common.
Ependymomas can occur anywhere along the spinal cord, however, the cervical cord is the most common site

27. EPENDYMOMA

28. THANK YOU…