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Lecture 6a: Verb Types and Verb Forms

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1 Lecture 6a: Verb Types and Verb Forms
Meeting 6 Lecture 6a: Verb Types and Verb Forms

2 Verb Types & Verb Forms Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs
classified according to their complements forms in which they appear tensed forms untensed forms Auxiliary verbs classified according to their functions & complements tensed untensed Order of verbs in a sequence of verbs

3 Types of lexical verbs defined in terms of their complements S
NP AUX VP HEAD: V

4 INTRANSITIVE 'die' VP V no complement phrase COMPLEX INTRANSITIVE 'become' VP V NP/AdjP PCS TRANSITIVE 'chase' VP V NPI DO

5 DITRANSITIVE 'give' VP V NPI NPJ IO DO COMPLEX TRANSITIVE 'consider' VP V NPI NP/AdjP DO PCO

6 INTRANSITIVE WITH PPC 'rely' VP V PP PPC TRANSITIVE WITH PPC 'put' VP V NPI PP DO PPC

7 INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE
no DO complement DO complement +/- PCS +/- PCS +/- PPC +/- PPC +/- IO +/- PCO

8 VERB FORMS Tense-marking Not Tense-marking past past participle
present gerund participle plain third person singular plain

9 Special relationship between Subject NP & Tense
AGREEMENT: Special relationship between Subject NP & Tense S SUBJECT: NP TENSE:AUX PREDICATE:VP I/you/we/they PRESENT walk he/she/it PRESENT walks PAST walked TENSED VERB FORMS

10 S NP AUX VP PRESENT I/you/we/they do walk he/she/it does walk PAST did walk AUX do PLAIN UNTENSED

11 S NP AUX VP PRESENT you/we/they are walking he/she/it is walking I am walking PAST I/he/she/it was walking you/we/they were walking GERUND PARTICIPLE PROGRESSIVE be

12 S NP AUX VP PRESENT you/we/they are sighted he/she/it is sighted I am sighted PAST you/we/they were sighted I/he/she/it was sighted PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE be

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14 S NP AUX VP PRESENT I/you/we/they do walk he/she/it does walk PAST did walk PLAIN UNTENSED AUX do

15 S NP AUX VP PRESENT can/will walk PAST could/would walk MODAL AUX PLAIN UNTENSED

16 S NP AUX VP PRESENT you/we/they are walking he/she/it is walking I am walking PAST I/he/she/it was walking you/we/they were walking GERUND PARTICIPLE PROGRESSIVE be

17 S NP AUX VP PRESENT I/you/we/they have walked he/she/it has walked PAST had walked PAST PARTICIPLE PERFECT have

18 S NP AUX VP PRESENT you/we/they are sighted he/she/it is sighted I am sighted PAST you/we/they were sighted I/he/she/it was sighted PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE be

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20 Ordering of auxiliary and lexical verbs
auxiliary verbs are in AUX lexical verbs are in VP AUX precedes VP in English, hence auxiliary verbs precede lexical verb only one lexical verb may head the VP AUX may contain more than one auxiliary verb (except if auxiliary is do) Strict ordering of auxiliary verb types

21 John ate John must eat. (*John eat must) John has eaten (*John eaten has) John must have eaten (*John have must eaten) John must have been eating John must have been being eaten modal > perfect > progressive > passive > LEXICAL

22 What determines a verb's form?
First verb must mark TENSE distinction Modal (and AUX do) must mark TENSE TENSE is only marked once MODAL must be followed by PLAIN (untensed) PERFECT must be followed by PAST PARTICIPLE PROGRESSIVE must be followed by GERUND PARTICIPLE PASSIVE must be followed by PAST PARTICIPLE

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24 In the next lecture...... syntactic processes involving verbs what auxiliary verbs can do that lexical verbs cannot


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