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Sociology: Gender Stratification
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Overview SEGMENT 1: Elements of Gender Stratification
SEGMENT 2: Gender Difference SEGMENT 3: Patriarchy and Feminism SEGMENT 4: Gender Inequality Today
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Elements of Gender Stratification
SEGMENT 1
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Elements of Gender Stratification
Sex – refers to biological characteristics Male, Female, Intersexed Gender – refers to social characteristics Man, Women, Genderqueer Masculine, Feminine, Androgenous Sexual Orientation – refers to the characteristics of romantic and sexual attraction that one has for others Heterosexual, Homosexual, Bisexual, Asexual Each culture has its own set of characteristics for qualifying into gender, sex, and sexual orientation categories We inherit our sex and learn our gender To a degree we inherit and learn our sexual orientation
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Elements of Gender Stratification
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Elements of Gender Stratification
Primary Sex Characteristics Secondary Sex Characteristics For Males Penis Scrotum Testes Prostrate For Females Labia/Clitoris Vagina Uterus Ovaries For Males Heavier Bones Increased Muscle Facial Hair Hair Loss MPB For Females Breasts Hips Widen Rear Thigh Muscle Elongated Upper Arm
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Elements of Gender Stratification
Biology’s Role Society’s Role Chromosomes XY XX XXX – “Super Female” XYY – “Super Male” XXY – Kleinfelter’s Hormones Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone Socialization Gendered Imitation Gendered Play Gendered Games Gendered Generalized Other Structure Gendered Institutions Gendering Institutions
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Gender Difference SEGMENT 2
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Gender Difference Most sociologists believe that if biology was the compelling factor in human behavior males and females would act the same around the world Behavioral variation across societies is far greater than what we could expect from these differences. Sociologists conclude that society plays a large role in creating gender differences.
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Gender Difference
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Gender Difference Men’s marathon record is 2:02
Women’s marathon record is 2:15 A 13 minute difference is only 7 seconds faster per track lap It has taken Men 51 years (‘08-’58) and Women 41 years (‘63-’03) to reach a record of 2:15. Women were not allowed to run in marathons until and have shaved 1:22 off their time.
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Gender Difference
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Gender Difference
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Gender Difference Presentation of Self – term coined by sociologist Erving Goffman to indicate that people make concerted efforts to present themselves to others as legitimately occupying certain types of statuses Doing Gender – males and females making efforts to present themselves as men and women. Talk, gesture, temperament, emotion Clothing, hair, make-up Owned items, cars, jewelry, furniture Body posture, modifications, exercise, diet regimen
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Patriarchy and Feminism
SEGMENT 3
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Patriarchy and Feminism
Every society sorts men and women into separate categories and gives them different access to property, power, and prestige. These divisions, with few exceptions historically, have always favor men-as-a-group. Females are therefore classified as a minority group Societies with men as the dominant group are known as patriarchies. Societies with women as the dominant group are known as matriarchies.
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Patriarchy and Feminism
It is unknown how men became the dominant group because it is universal and prehistorical. One theory suggest: Early On, Life was Short – people lived to Females were limited in their ability to travel distances because childbearing Men Became Dominant as Hunters and Warriors Weapons, Trade, and Knowledge gained from Contact with Others Gave Men Power Ideology developed that women were less dominant than men Structure has largely remained hidden because sex characteristics is compelling cultural proof of difference
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Patriarchy and Feminism
Feminism – the belief that “biology is not destiny.” The stratification that exists in modern societies is according to gender is unnecessary and wrong because it harms both men and women. Most people (53%) do not identify as feminist but 82% agree with feminist ideals of gender equality and equity.
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Patriarchy and Feminism
1st Feminist movement – Women’s Suffrage – 19th amendment 1920
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Patriarchy and Feminism
2nd Feminist movement – 1960s- Trying to earn equal pay and rights in the workplace, education, and family for women Title IX Equal Pay Act No fault divorce, Roe v. Wade – 9th amendment
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Patriarchy and Feminism
3rd Feminist movement – happening today- includes a greater focus on the plight of women in the Least Industrialized Nations 1990-present Sexual Assault, Rape, Access to Contraception Women of Color Women’s Rights in the Third World
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Gender Inequality Today
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Gender Inequality Today
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Gender Inequality Today
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Gender Inequality Today
Gender Inequality in the Work Place still a persistent problem? The Pay Gap – men make more than women in the workplace on average. Narrowed from 59% in 1974 to 79% today At current rate, will not close by 2100 The Glass Ceiling – men have more access to top positions Less than 5% of fortune 500 companies 20% of US congressional seats are held by women 10% of 4 star generals are women The Glass Escalator – men make more money and are promoted more often in feminized jobs. Men comprise 24% of all teachers, but 49% of principals, and 76% of superintendents
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Gender Inequality Today
Gender Inequality in Education still a persistent problem? Gender Inequality in Education – Gender tracking is evident and this still remains true. Men are more often tracked into certain fields of education with lower pay Science, Technology, Engineering, Math, Business Women are more often tracked into fields of education with lower pay Education, Nursing, Social Work, Human Services
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Recap SEGMENT 1: Elements of Gender Stratification
SEGMENT 2: Gender Difference SEGMENT 3: Patriarchy and Feminism SEGMENT 4: Gender Inequality Today
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