1. Sociology: Gender Stratification

2. Overview SEGMENT 1: Elements of Gender Stratification
SEGMENT 2: Gender Difference
SEGMENT 3: Patriarchy and Feminism
SEGMENT 4: Gender Inequality Today

3. Elements of Gender Stratification
SEGMENT 1

4. Elements of Gender Stratification
Sex – refers to biological characteristics
Male, Female, Intersexed
Gender – refers to social characteristics
Man, Women, Genderqueer
Masculine, Feminine, Androgenous
Sexual Orientation – refers to the characteristics of romantic and sexual attraction that one has for others
Heterosexual, Homosexual, Bisexual, Asexual
Each culture has its own set of characteristics for qualifying into gender, sex, and sexual orientation categories
We inherit our sex and learn our gender
To a degree we inherit and learn our sexual orientation

5. Elements of Gender Stratification

6. Elements of Gender Stratification
Primary Sex Characteristics
Secondary Sex Characteristics
For Males
Penis
Scrotum
Testes
Prostrate
For Females
Labia/Clitoris
Vagina
Uterus
Ovaries
For Males
Heavier Bones
Increased Muscle
Facial Hair
Hair Loss MPB
For Females
Breasts
Hips Widen
Rear Thigh Muscle
Elongated Upper Arm

7. Elements of Gender Stratification
Biology’s Role
Society’s Role
Chromosomes XY XX
XXX – “Super Female”
XYY – “Super Male”
XXY – Kleinfelter’s
Hormones
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Socialization
Gendered Imitation
Gendered Play
Gendered Games
Gendered Generalized Other
Structure
Gendered Institutions
Gendering Institutions

8. Gender Difference
SEGMENT 2

9. Gender Difference
Most sociologists believe that if biology was the compelling factor in human behavior males and females would act the same around the world
Behavioral variation across societies is far greater than what we could expect from these differences.
Sociologists conclude that society plays a large role in creating gender differences.

10. Gender Difference

11. Gender Difference Men’s marathon record is 2:02
Women’s marathon record is 2:15
A 13 minute difference is only 7 seconds faster per track lap
It has taken Men 51 years (‘08-’58) and Women 41 years (‘63-’03) to reach a record of 2:15.
Women were not allowed to run in marathons until and have shaved 1:22 off their time.

12. Gender Difference

13. Gender Difference

14. Gender Difference
Presentation of Self – term coined by sociologist Erving Goffman to indicate that people make concerted efforts to present themselves to others as legitimately occupying certain types of statuses
Doing Gender – males and females making efforts to present themselves as men and women.
Talk, gesture, temperament, emotion
Clothing, hair, make-up
Owned items, cars, jewelry, furniture
Body posture, modifications, exercise, diet regimen

15. Patriarchy and Feminism
SEGMENT 3

16. Patriarchy and Feminism
Every society sorts men and women into separate categories and gives them different access to property, power, and prestige.
These divisions, with few exceptions historically, have always favor men-as-a-group.
Females are therefore classified as a minority group
Societies with men as the dominant group are known as patriarchies.
Societies with women as the dominant group are known as matriarchies.

17. Patriarchy and Feminism
It is unknown how men became the dominant group because it is universal and prehistorical.
One theory suggest:
Early On, Life was Short – people lived to
Females were limited in their ability to travel distances because childbearing
Men Became Dominant as Hunters and Warriors
Weapons, Trade, and Knowledge gained from Contact with Others Gave Men Power
Ideology developed that women were less dominant than men
Structure has largely remained hidden because sex characteristics is compelling cultural proof of difference

18. Patriarchy and Feminism
Feminism – the belief that “biology is not destiny.” The stratification that exists in modern societies is according to gender is unnecessary and wrong because it harms both men and women.
Most people (53%) do not identify as feminist but 82% agree with feminist ideals of gender equality and equity.

19. Patriarchy and Feminism
1st Feminist movement –
Women’s Suffrage – 19th amendment 1920

20. Patriarchy and Feminism
2nd Feminist movement – 1960s- Trying to earn equal pay and rights in the workplace, education, and family for women
Title IX
Equal Pay Act
No fault divorce, Roe v. Wade – 9th amendment

21. Patriarchy and Feminism
3rd Feminist movement – happening today- includes a greater focus on the plight of women in the Least Industrialized Nations
1990-present
Sexual Assault, Rape, Access to Contraception
Women of Color
Women’s Rights in the Third World

22. Gender Inequality Today

23. Gender Inequality Today

24. Gender Inequality Today

25. Gender Inequality Today
Gender Inequality in the Work Place still a persistent problem?
The Pay Gap – men make more than women in the workplace on average.
Narrowed from 59% in 1974 to 79% today
At current rate, will not close by 2100
The Glass Ceiling – men have more access to top positions
Less than 5% of fortune 500 companies
20% of US congressional seats are held by women
10% of 4 star generals are women
The Glass Escalator – men make more money and are promoted more often in feminized jobs.
Men comprise 24% of all teachers, but 49% of principals, and 76% of superintendents

26. Gender Inequality Today
Gender Inequality in Education still a persistent problem?
Gender Inequality in Education – Gender tracking is evident and this still remains true.
Men are more often tracked into certain fields of education with lower pay
Science, Technology, Engineering, Math, Business
Women are more often tracked into fields of education with lower pay
Education, Nursing, Social Work, Human Services

27. Recap SEGMENT 1: Elements of Gender Stratification
SEGMENT 2: Gender Difference
SEGMENT 3: Patriarchy and Feminism
SEGMENT 4: Gender Inequality Today