1. Cultures and Societies
5 Themes of Geography!
Place: “What is it like when you get there?”

2. Culture

3. Culture
The word culture is used to describe not just how you greet people but also
ideas,
skills,
arts,
and tools that are different in each of the world’s many human societies.

4. United States
What are some ways in which the culture in the United States is different from other cultures?

5. Human Societies
Human society is an organized group of people identified by its
customs,
traditions,
and way of life.

6. Share time!
Does your family have any customs or traditions?

7. Characteristics of Culture
People are not born with knowledge of their culture.
They learn it by living in a family and growing up as a member of a society.
The process of learning culture is called enculturation.

8. Enculturation
Through enculturation people in a society learn to speak the same:
Language
Wear the same kind of clothing
Prepare the same kind of food
Share the same values

9. Enculturation
Makes it possible for each person in a society to have a relationship (or connection) to the other people in the same cultural group.

10. Bottom right: USA

11. A society’s culture is made up of:
Culture traits (or characteristics).
1. material
Objects (clothes, buildings, artworks, machines)
Easily seen when you visit a new place
2. nonmaterial
Practices and beliefs such as:
Customs
Ceremonies
Spoken language
Religion

12. Material:

13. Material or Nonmaterial?
Symbol = _______________
Religion = ______________

14. Nonmaterial
The 45,000-plus Bunun live in Taiwan's central mountains at altitudes higher than any other people.
They are best known for their millet and ear-shooting ceremonies.
Bunun men and women posing in their village.

15. Baseball Customs

16. Nonmaterial culture traits
Can be expressed through material culture.
Paintings (material) that show a culture’s idea of beauty (nonmaterial).
Literature (material) that is about a family member’s role (nonmaterial).

17. Cultural Pattern A group of related cultural traits.
Can include both material and nonmaterial
Example: language patterns include both written language (material) and spoken language (nonmaterial)

18. Review: What are some traits that define the culture of a society?
Material Traits
Artwork
Clothes
Hairstyles, makeup , Jewelry
Nonmaterial Culture Traits:
Spoken language
Greetings
Religion
Ceremonies

19. 5 Themes of Geography: Movement! Need to Know:
“People and Ideas get around!”
Need to Know:
1. What are the three main ways cultures diffuse?
2. Why are the US and Canada considered to be multicultural?

20. Cultures Change…
Some countries include many cultural groups with very different cultures. (like the U.S.)
Some countries have only one major culture (like Japan).

21. Why do some countries have cultures that change and others don’t?
Hint: Look at the geography.
Japan is an island. It is more difficult for cultures to spread, prior to modern digital technology. The US is connected physically to Mexico and Canada, allowing for greater chances for cultures to spread.

22. Cultural Borrowing
No society is so isolated that it never has contact in some way with others.
When societies interact, they sometimes take culture traits from one another and use them as their own.
It is “borrowing” because it doesn’t remove that item from the other culture.

23. Cultural Borrowing
As a result of cultural borrowing, only about 10 percent of a society’s culture traits are its very own. 90 percent is borrowed.
Examples:
Clothing
Music
Sports
Food

24. What are some effects of cultural borrowing?
Bad:
Lose smaller cultures (vanishing languages, religions)
Maybe you want the idea to stay small, private.
Good:
greater variety of choices, we have more in common with different cultures.
Languages are lost – nonmaterial culture gone
Borrowed traits might fulfill a culture’s wants or needs or provide a better way of doing something.
Refer to National Geographic, July 2012, Vanishing Languages

25. What are some effects of cultural borrowing?
Why do you think cultures might borrow traits from one another?
So they have a greater variety of items.
Because we like it! We want it!
Someone has an easier way of doing something = we are lazy.
Languages are lost – nonmaterial culture gone
Borrowed traits might fulfill a culture’s wants or needs or provide a better way of doing something.

26. Cultures spread
When one society borrows a culture trait from another society, this spread of culture is called
Cultural diffusion!
What do you think helps spread ideas the most?

27. Cultural Diffusion
In Latin word "diffundere" means "to spread out“.
Have you ever put food coloring in water? What happens? It spreads out, or diffuses.

28. Technology helps move ideas…

29. Bell placing the first New York to Chicago telephone call in 1892.
What do you notice about this picture (besides their amazing facial hair)?
The only people in the room are white men. No women or people of minorities.

30. “People and ideas get around!”
Migration is another factor of cultural diffusion.
What is migration?

31. “People and ideas get around!”
When people of one culture move to another culture, they may find that another culture is more common there.
Newcomers may give up their traditional ways and become part of the main culture.
Can you think of any examples?

32. Assimilation
Assimilation: when the culture traits of the newcomers become similar to those of the people in their new country.
Notice the picture of Native Americans adopting the European style of dress. Also notice those that adopted the European hair styles.

33. Acculturation
When two societies have contact with one another for a long time, the exchange of culture traits is called acculturation.
What is the dominant language in Brazil?
In Brazil the dominant language is Portuguese. This is because Brazil was colonized by Portugal. The majority of Latin America (area south of US) was colonized/conquered by Spain. Thus, most of these countries speak Spanish (a European language).

34. Religion, like language, also spreads
Notice Christianity spread from Europe.
Notice Islam spread from SW Asia to Northern Africa.

35. Review: What factors contribute to cultural diffusion?
Communication technology
Facebook, YouTube, Skype
2. Migration
3. Conquest

36. How do the languages spoken in North and South America an example of acculturation?
Country or Region
Colonial Ruler
Language Spoken
United States
Britain
English
Canada
Britain and France
English, French
Mexico
Spain
Spanish
As areas of North and South America were colonized, the language of the governing country became the official language of the area. Both colonists and native people were expected to speak the language of the ruling country.

37. Discussion:
How does the cultural diversity affect the culture of the United States?
Through cultural borrowing, each ethnic group contributes to the culture of the United States.

38. Venn Diagram
What are some customs or traditions that originated in America? What are borrowed?
Traditionally American Borrowed
Baseball and basketball are both American sports. Soccer is borrowed. Have students come up with examples.

39. National Cultures
As a result of migration (people moving) and cultural diffusion (cultures spreading), some countries include a wide variety of ethnic groups.
An ethnic group is a group of people who have the same culture and share a way of life.

40. National Cultures
Having different ethnic groups within the same country is known as cultural diversity.
Diversity means “the condition of being different or varied”.

41. Cultural Diversity
Although some people within a country may be divided into ethnic groups, they are united through their shared national culture.
Like societies, a national culture has its own culture traits, both material and nonmaterial.
For instance, we may all come from different ethnic groups but we are all American and thus have a shared National Culture. We share Thanksgiving and 4th of July in common. These are American holidays.

42. National Culture Traits Review:
Flag (material or nonmaterial?)
National Anthem (material or nonmaterial?)
Pledge of Allegiance (material or nonmaterial?)
National Holidays (material or nonmaterial?)
Flag – material
National Anthem (spoken – nonmaterial. Written down – material)
Pledge of Allegiance (spoken – nonmaterial. Written down – material)
Holidays (nonmaterial). Christmas tree, Turkey, Easter eggs – material

43. A country’s heritage Ways of life Customs
Beliefs that come from the past and continue today
National holidays celebrate:
Independence
Founders and leaders
As US citizens we have this in common. When someone sneezes you say, “Bless You”. We walk on the right and drive on the right side of the road.

44. Review:
A country’s culture traits and heritage are learned through the process of enculturation.
What is enculturation again?
They are passed on to newcomers in the country though the process of assimilation.
What is assimilation again?
Enculturation is the process of learning their culture. For instance, learning about language, religion, what clothes to wear, food to eat, etc.
Assimilation is the process to dropping old culture trait for new culture trait.

45. Question: How does a national culture help unite people in a country?
It gives us all something in common. Feasts on Thanksgiving. Fireworks on 4th of July.

46. 5 Themes of Geography: Region! “What do places have in common?”
Looking at Regions
5 Themes of Geography: Region!
“What do places have in common?”

47. States and territories, borders of a nation!
Political Regions
Political refers to government.
Area of land where the people are ruled under one government.
Can be called a country or a nation.
The world has almost 200 nations.

48. Nations The world’s largest nation based on land area is Russia.
Russia covers more than 6.5 million square miles.

49. Smallest Nation:
Vatican City: located in the middle of Rome, has an area of only one-sixth of one square mile.

50. Borders Each nation usually has clearly defined borders.
A border, as seen on a map, is a line that divides one nation from another.
Can be invisible line
Can be physical feature (like a river, ocean, etc.)

51. Why could borders change?
Empires
Rise and Fall
Colony
Area of land ruled by a government in another land
War
Someone is conquered

53. http://www. google. com/url

54. Subregions When a region is broken into smaller parts. Example:
Mexico is broken into 33 smaller political regions called states.
The United States is broken into 50 smaller political regions called states.

55. Subregions States can be broken down further into Cities Townships
Counties (or parishes in Louisiana)
Neighborhoods
School districts

56. Review: What makes a region a political regions?
An area of land where people are ruled under one government
Has a border (can be invisible or a physical feature)

57. Cultural Regions
Divide the world into regions based on culture traits.
These kinds of regions are called cultural regions.
Like political regions, cultural regions can be shown on maps.
Like political regions, borders to cultural regions can change. Why?

58. Cultural Region: Language

59. Cultural Region: Religion

60. Review: What makes a region a cultural region?
The world is divided based on cultural traits such as language and religion.

61. Summarize:
The world can be studied according to what types of regions?
In a _________________ people live under the same government.
In a _________________ people share a culture trait (such as language or religion).