1. Unit One: Literary Skills & Vocabulary
“Monkey’s Paw”; “King Midas & the Golden Touch”; “Why Are Your Clothes So Cheap?”; “The Necklace”

2. Point of View – the narrator of a text; who is telling the story
3 TYPES OF POINT OF VIEW:
1ST PERSON POV: when the narrator is a character inside the text
2ND PERSON POV: when the narrator talks directly to the reader
3RD PERSON POV: when the narrator is outside the text
OMNISCIENT: the outside narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of ALL the characters in the text
LIMITED OMNISCIENT: the outside narrator know the thoughts and feelings of ONLY the MAIN character

3. Indirect Characterization (IMPLICIT):
Characterization – the way the reader learns about a character and his/her traits. 2 TYPES OF CHARACTERIZATION
Direct Characterization (EXPLICIT): when the reader learns about the character from what the narrator says Ex: “Emily was a notorious bully.”
Indirect Characterization (IMPLICIT):
when the reader learns about the character from clues in the story:
The way they act
The way others react to them
Dialogue from other characters

4. Types of Characters PROTAGONIST: the main character in the text
ANTAGONIST: whoever goes against the main character (not necessarily the bad guy)
ROUND VS. FLAT:
Round Character: has lots of traits and details
Flat Character: not many characteristics; only one main trait
STATIC VS. DYNAMIC:
Static Character: doesn’t change or learn anything
Dynamic Character: changes from the beginning to the end and learns a lesson

5. Plot – the events of a fictional text
5 PARTS OF A PLOT:
EXPOSITION: the opening a the story; introduces the characters and setting
RISING ACTION: the events that build up the suspension of a story
CLIMAX: the most exciting part of the story; the turning point
FALLING ACTION: all loose ends are tied up; unanswered questions are addressed
RESOLUTION: the ending; how the whole story turns out

6. Irony – when something unexpected happens in the text
3 TYPES OF IRONY
DRAMATIC IRONY: when the reader knows something that the character doesn’t (the reader knows that the other character is lying)
SITUATIONAL IRONY: when the opposite of what is expected to happen happens (a math teacher not knowing the answer to a multiplication question)
VERBAL IRONY: when a character says something but means the opposite (“Wow! You’re so smart! – but doesn’t mean it)

7. Literary Techniques FLASHBACK FORESHADOWING
The action of the story goes back in time to show events that have already happened
FORESHADOWING
The author hints at what could happen later on in the story; clues about future plot events or characterization

8. Metaphor
one thing is compared to another unrelated thing in order to prove a point Example: “Our love was a rollercoaster.”

9. Symbolism
When the author uses objects, colors, places, etc. to represent a bigger concept Example: White = Purity or Innocence Black = Death; Evil; Anger etc.

10. Theme
A lesson or moral that the reader can learn from the events of the text or a character’s experiences An idea that can connect to other ideas overall UNIVERSAL THEME: a theme that anyone on Earth could relate to, no matter culture, race, gender, or social status “Love conquers all.” – universal “Loyalty to America is important.” – not universal

11. 3 Most Common Forms of Allusion
When an author refers to another famous piece of literature
3 Most Common Forms of Allusion
Biblical – “Our home was the Garden of Eden – a pure paradise.”
Shakespearean – “He is nothing but a Romeo.”
Mythological – “Ms. Amanda is as beautiful as Aphrodite.” – that’s the Greek goddess of beauty and y’all better believe and not deny it if you want to pass!