1. Porosity 
Types of porosity:

2. Permeability
Aquifer 
Good aquifers:
Aquicludes (aquitards) 

3. The Water Table
Elevation of the water table 

4. Water table rises or falls based on
Discharge 
Water table rises or falls based on
Recharge 

5. Water well  Cone of depression 
Water flows into the well & fills it to the level of the ____________________________.
Cone of depression 

6. …forms in ________ ________
Karst Topography
…forms in ________ ________

7. Sinkholes 
Sinkholes form: --
Montana

8. Caves 
Cavern 
How do caves form? A B

9. Cave Deposits Stalactites  Stalagmites  3. Columns 
4. Drip curtains 
5. Travertine terraces 

10. Artesian Systems

11. Subsidence

12. Contamination
Sources:
Oxidation, bacterial degradation, & filtering

13. Contamination

14. _____% of water for domestic use (rural America)
Groundwater Quality
_____% of water for domestic use (rural America)
Natural factors controlling quality:
**control amt & type of dissolved material (Ca, Fe, &F) in groundwater.
Undesirable effects of dissolved material:

15. Hydrothermal Activity
Geysers, hot springs & mud pots are formed by A B

16. Mammoth Hot Springs in Yellowstone Natl Park

17. Geysers Old Faithful “erupts” hot water & steam every 30-90 min.
Yellowstone Natl. Park

18. ~___% of world’s energy needs could be met.
Geothermal energy 
used for
~___% of world’s energy needs could be met.