1. Dr. Nabil Khouri MD, PhD
Oral Cavity II

2. The Tongue Mass of striated muscles covered with the mucous membrane
Divided into right and left halves by a median septum
Three parts:
Oral (anterior ⅔)
Pharyngeal (posterior ⅓)
Root (base)
Two surfaces:
Dorsal
Ventral

3. Functions
The tonge is the most important articulator for speech production. During speech, the tongue can make amazing range of movements
The primary function of the tongue is to provide a mechanism for taste. Taste buds are located on different areas of the tongue, but are generally found around the edges.
They are sensitive to four main tastes: Bitter, Sour, Salty & Sweet

4. Dorsal Surface
Divided into anterior two third and posterior one third by a V- shaped sulcus terminalis.
The apex of the sulcus faces backward and is marked by a pit called the foramen cecum
Foramen cecum, an embryological remnant, marks the site of the upper end of the thyroglossal duct
Anterior two third: mucosa is rough, shows three types of papillae:
Filliform
Fungiform
Vallate
Posterior one third: No papillae but shows nodular surface because of underlying lymphatic nodules, the lingual tonsils

6. PAPILLAE
CIRCUMVALLATE PAPILLAE are arranged in a row parallel to and in front of sulcus terminalis
FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE are numerous at the tip and margin of the tongue.
FILLIFORM PAPILLAE are prevalent on the
dorsum of the tongue arranged in rows parallel to sulcus terminalis

7. Ventral Surface Smooth (no papillae)
In the midline anteriorly, a mucosal fold, frenulum connects the tongue with the floor of the mouth
Lateral to frenulum, deep lingual vein can be seen through the mucosa
Lateral to lingual vein, a fold of mucosa forms the plica fimbriata

8. Muscles Confined to tongue No bony attachment Consist of:
The tongue is composed of two types of muscles:
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
The intrinsic M
Confined to tongue
No bony attachment
Consist of:
Longitudinal fibers
Transverse fibers
Vertical fibers
Function: Alter the shape of the tongue

9. INTRINSIC MUSCLES Muscles of the tongue MUSCLE FUNCTION SUPERIOR
Shortens tongue; curls apex and sides of tongue
INFERIOR
Shortens tongue; uncurls apex and turns it downward
TRANSVERSE
Narrows and elongates tongue
VERTICAL
Flattens and widens tongue
All intrinsic muscles are supplied by Hypoglossal nerve

11. Intrinsic muscles muscle Origion and insertion Action
Transverse muscle
From the median septum and pass lateraly to be inserted into the side of the tongue.
Narrow and elongate the tongue.
Superior Longitiudinal muscle
Attached to the mucus membrane over the posterior part of the tongue and run forward to attaches to the mucus membrane at its edges and tip.
Shorting the tongue and turn its tip and edges upwards.
Inferior longitudinal fibers
Situated lateral to genioglossus in the lower part of the tongue.
Shorten the tongue turn its tip and edges downwards.
Vertical fibers
Run from the dorsum of the tongue to the mucus membrane on its ventral surface.
Flatten and broaden the tongue.

12. Extrinsic Muscles Palatoglossus Genioglossus Hyoglossus Styloglossus
Connect the tongue to the surrounding structures: the soft palate and the bones (mandible, hyoid bone, styloid process)
Include:
Palatoglossus
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Function: Help in movements of the tongue

15. Extrinsic muscles muscle Origion and insertion Action Genioglossus
From the upper mental spine of the mandible, its fiber run posteriorly upward and downward.
Aprotracture and depressor.
Hyoglossus
From the superior border of the greater horn of the hyoid bone and passes vertically upward.
Depress the tongue.
Styloglossus
From the anterior surface of the styloid processes run forward downward to enter the tongue below the insertion of the palatoglossus muscle.
Retractor of the tongue.
palatoglossus
From the aponeurosis of the soft palate and descends to the tongue.
Raise the tongue to narrow the oropharyngeal isthmus.
Condroglossus
From the lesser cornu of the hyoid and ascending to blend with the intrinsic lingual muscle.

16. Movements Protrusion: Genioglossus on both sides acting together
Retraction:
Styloglossus and hyoglossus on both sides acting together
Depression:
Hyoglossus and genioglossus on both sides acting together
Elevation:
Styloglossus and palatoglossus on both sides acting together

17. Sensory Nerve Supply Anterior ⅔: General sensations: Lingual nerve
Special sensations : chorda tympani
Posterior ⅓:
General & special sensations: glossopharyngeal nerve
Base:
General & special sensations: internal laryngeal nerve

18. Motor Nerve Supply Hypoglossal nerve
Intrinsic muscles:
Hypoglossal nerve
Extrinsic muscles:
All supplied by the hypoglossal nerve, except the palatoglossus
The palatoglossus supplied by the pharyngeal plexus

20. Blood Supply Arteries: Lingual artery
Tonsillar branch of facial artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Veins:
Lingual vein, ultimately drains into the internal jugular vein
Dorsal lingual artery & vein
Lingual artery & vein
Deep lingual vein
Hypoglossal nerve

22. Lymphatic Drainage Tip:
Submental nodes bilaterally & then deep cervical nodes
Anterior two third:
Submandibular unilaterally & then deep cervical nodes
Posterior third:
Deep cervical nodes (jugulodigastric mainly)

23. Specialized mucosa Covers the dorsum of the tongue.
Occupies 15% of the oral cavity.
Although it is masticatory mucosa by function but due to its high extensibility and lingual papillae, it is classified as
“SPECIALIZED MUCOSA”.
Lingual Papillae:
These are the small nipple or hair–like structures on the upper surface of the tongue that give the tongue its characteristic rough texture.
Four types of papillae are found on dorsum of the tongue:
1. Fungiform papillae
2. Filiform papillae
3. Foliate papillae
4. Circumvallate papillae

24. Fungiform Papillae: fungus-like appearance
present on tip and sides of tongue
scattered between filiform papillae
smooth, rounded structures covered by non-keratinized epithelium
Appear red due to highly vascular CT
Taste buds are present on the superior surface

25. Fungiform Papillae
Dr.Syed Sadatullah
King Khalid University

26. Filiform Papillae Hair-like appearance
Cover entire anterior part of tongue
Cone-shaped structures covered by thick keratinized epithelium
Form a tough surface involved in compressing and breaking food when tongue is apposed to hard palate

27. Filliform Papillae
Dr.Syed Sadatullah
King Khalid University

28. Foliate Papillae Leaf-like appearance
Present on lateral margins of posterior part of tongue
Consist of parallel ridges that alternate with deep grooves in the mucosa
A few taste buds are present in their lateral walls

29. Circumvallate papillae
Arranged anterior to sulcus terminalis 8-12
in number
Large structures surrounded by a deep, circular groove into which ducts of minor salivary glands (Glands of Ebner) open
Covered by keratinized epithelium on superior surface and non- keratinized epithelium on lateral surface

30. Circumvallate Papilla and Taste buds (arrows)
Dr.Syed Sadatullah
King Khalid University

31. TASTE BUDS

32. GINGIVA Consists of dense vascular fibrous tissue which is covered by
mucuos membrane and attached to the alveolar margins of the jaws.

34.
Dorsal tongue. (a) The dorsal surface of the tongue is covered by specialized mucosa. The roughness of the surface is attributable to the abundant, small hair-like filiform papillae that cover much of the anterior two- thirds of the tongue, and lack taste buds. The less numerous, small, round, white-red, papular fungiform papillae are distributed over the dorsal surface (center of grey circles). On the most posterior one third of the oral portion of the tongue are the 8 to 12 large circumvallate papillae (arrows) that are lined up in a V-formation and converge at the foramen cecum. (b) This view of the dorsal tongue demonstrates the arrangement of circumvallate papillae in a V-shaped configuration at the junction of the anterior two-thirds and the posterior one-third (arrows). (c) Taste buds (arrows) are present in the epithelium of the lateral surfaces of the circumvallate papilla. (d) An individual taste bud within the epithelium of the papillary trough. The orifice (taste pore) (arrow) of the taste bud opens into the lateral wall of the circumvallate papilla, allowing for taste sensation to be received by the taste bud.

35. Soft Palate Attached to the posterior border of the hard palate
Covered on its upper and lower surfaces by mucous membrane (Palatine Aponeurosis)
Composed of:
Muscle fibers
An aponeurosis
Lymphoid tissue
Glands
Blood vessels
Nerves

36. Palatine Aponeurosis Fibrous sheath
Attached to posterior border of hard palate
Is expanded tendon of tensor velli palatini
Splits to enclose musculus uvulae
Gives origin & insertion to palatine muscles
Uvula is the median conical projection marked by median raphe.
Palatine arches are free margins of the soft palate and splitting into two parts as they approach the lateral wall.
a. Palatoglossal arch or anterior pillar of fauces or anterior palatine arch encloses the palatoglossus muscle.
b. Palatapharyngeal arch or posterior pillar of fauces or posterior palatine arch encloses the palatopharyngeus muscle.

37. Muscles Tensor veli palatini Levator veli palatini Musculus uvulae
Origin: spine of sphenoid; auditory tube
Insertion: forms palatine aponeurosis
Action: Tenses soft palate
Levator veli palatini
Origin:petrous temporal bone, auditory tube, palatine aponeurosis
Insertion: palatine aponeurosis
Action: Raises soft palate
Musculus uvulae
Origin: posterior border of hard palate
Insertion: mucosa of uvula
Action: Elevates uvula

39. Muscles Palatoglossus Origin: oral surface of palatine aponeurosis
Insertion: side of tongue at the junction of oral and pharyngeal parts
Action: pulls root of tongue upward, closes oropharyngeal isthmus

40. Palatopharyngeus
Origin: Ant Fasciculus-Post border of hard palate Post fasciculus-palatine aponeurosis
Insertion: posterior border of thyroid cartilage,
wall of the pharynx and its median raphe.
Action: Elevates wall of the pharynx

41. Non-Ketratinized stratified epith.

43. Sensory Nerve Supply
Mostly by the maxillary nerve through its branches:
Greater palatine nerve
Lesser palatine nerve
Nasopalatine nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve supplies the region of the soft palate

44. Motor Nerve Supply Pharyngeal plexus
All the muscles, except tensor veli palatini, are supplied by the:
Pharyngeal plexus
Tensor veli palatini supplied by the:
Nerve to medial pterygoid, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

46. Blood Supply Branches of the maxillary artery Greater palatine
Lesser palatine
Sphenopalatine
Ascending palatine, branch of the facial artery
Ascending pharyngeal, branch of the external carotid artery