1. Section 1 Work and Power
Question of the Day
First, on your paper, define what specific kind of work is being done in each activity below. Then, select the activities that require the least amount of work.
carrying heavy books home
reading a 300-page novel
skiing for 1 hour
lifting a 45 kg mass
holding a steel beam in place for 3 hours
jacking up a car

2. Objectives Determine when work is being done on an object.
Section 1 Work and Power
Objectives
Determine when work is being done on an object.
Calculate the amount of work done on an object.
Explain the difference between work and power.

3. Section 1 Work and Power
What Is Work?
Work is the transfer of energy to an object by using a force that causes the object to move in the direction of the force.
One way you can tell that work is being done is that energy is transferred.

4. Section 1 Work and Power
What Is Work?, continued
Difference Between Force and Work Applying a force doesn’t always result in work being done.
Force and Motion in the Same Direction For work to be done on an object, the object must move in the same direction as the force.

5. Section 1 Work and Power

6. Section 1 Work and Power
How Much Work?
Same Work, Different Force Work depends on distance as well as force.

7. How Much Work?, continued
Section 1 Work and Power
How Much Work?, continued
Calculating Work The amount of work (W) done in moving an object can be calculated by multiplying the force (F) applied to the object by the distance (d) through which the force is applied:
W  F  d
The unit for work is the newton-meter (N  m), which is called the joule.

8. Section 1 Work and Power

9. Power: How Fast Work Is Done
Section 1 Work and Power
Power: How Fast Work Is Done
Calculating Power Power is the rate at which energy is transferred. To calculate power (P), divide the amount of work done (W) by the time (t) it takes to do that work:
W ÷ t = P
The unit for power is joules per second (J/s), also called the watt. One watt (W) is equal to 1 J/s.

10. Section 1 Work and Power

11. Power: How Fast Work Is Done, continued
Section 1 Work and Power
Power: How Fast Work Is Done, continued
Increasing Power It may take you longer to sand a wooden shelf by hand than by using an electric sander, but the amount of energy needed is the same either way. Only the power output is lower when you sand the shelf by hand.

12. Section 2 What Is a Machine?
Question of the Day
Write a one-paragraph answer to the following question:
Why do we use machines?

13. Objectives Explain how a machine makes work easier.
Section 2 What Is a Machine?
Objectives
Explain how a machine makes work easier.
Describe and give examples of the force-distance trade-off that occurs when a machine is used.
Calculate mechanical advantage.
Explain why machines are not 100% efficient.

14. Machines: Making Work Easier
Section 2 What Is a Machine?
Machines: Making Work Easier
A machine is a device that makes work easier by changing the size or direction of a force.

15. Machines: Making Work Easier, continued
Section 2 What Is a Machine?
Machines: Making Work Easier, continued
Work In, Work Out The work that you do on a machine is called work input. The work done by the machine on an object is called work output.
Machines help by applying force over a greater distance.
That means less force will be needed for the same amount of work.

16. Machines: Making Work Easier, continued
Section 2 What Is a Machine?
Machines: Making Work Easier, continued
Same Work, Different Force Machines make work easier by changing the size or direction of the input force.
The Force-Distance Trade Off When a machine changes the size of the force, the distance of the force also changes.

17. Section 2 What Is a Machine?

18. Mechanical Advantage What Is Mechanical Advantage?
Section 2 What Is a Machine?
Mechanical Advantage
What Is Mechanical Advantage?
Mechanical advantage is the number of times the machine multiplies force.
Calculating Mechanical Advantage You can find mechanical advantage by using the following equation: ( )
mechanical advantage MA =
output force
input force

19. Mechanical Efficiency
Section 2 What Is a Machine?
Mechanical Efficiency
The less work a machine has to do to overcome friction, the more efficient the machine is. Mechanical efficiency is a comparison of a machine’s work output with the work input.
Calculating Efficiency A machine’s mechanical efficiency is calculated using the following equation:
mechanical efficiency =
work output
work input 
100

20. Mechanical Efficiency, continued
Section 2 What Is a Machine?
Mechanical Efficiency, continued
Perfect Efficiency? An ideal machine would be a machine that had 100% mechanical efficiency.
Ideal machines are impossible to build, because every machine has moving parts. Moving parts always use some of the work input to overcome friction.

21. Mechanical Efficiency
Section 2 What Is a Machine?
Mechanical Efficiency
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Visual Concept

22. Section 3 Types of Machines
Question of the Day
What type of machine can be found on at least half the students in this room right now? What kinds of machines were common 50 years ago? 100 years ago? Are any of the same machines around today that were common in the 1800s? What has changed about those same machines today?

23. Section 3 Types of Machines
Objectives
Identify and give examples of the six types of simple machines.
Analyze the mechanical advantage provided by each simple machine.
Identify the simple machines that make up a compound machine.

24. Section 3 Types of Machines
Levers
A lever is a simple machine that has a bar that pivots at a fixed point, called a fulcrum.
First-Class Levers With a first-class lever, the fulcrum is between the input force and the load.

25. Section 3 Types of Machines
Levers, continued
Second-Class Levers The load of a second-class lever is between the fulcrum and the input force.

26. Section 3 Types of Machines
Levers, continued
Third-Class Levers The input force in a third-class lever is between the fulcrum and the load.

27. Section 3 Types of Machines
Pulleys
A pulley is a simple machine that consists of a wheel over which a rope, chain, or wire passes.
Fixed Pulleys A fixed pulley is attached to something that does not move.

28. Section 3 Types of Machines
Pulleys, continued
Movable Pulleys Unlike fixed pulleys, movable pulleys are attached to the object being moved.
Blocks and Tackles When a fixed pulley and a movable pulley are used together, the pulley system is called a block and tackle.

29. Section 3 Types of Machines
Pulleys, continued

30. Section 3 Types of Machines
Wheel and Axle
A wheel and axle is a simple machine consisting of two circular objects of different sizes.

31. Wheel and Axle, continued
Section 3 Types of Machines
Wheel and Axle, continued
Mechanical Advantage of a Wheel and Axle The mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle can be found by dividing the radius (the distance from the center to the edge) of the wheel by the radius of the axle.

32. Section 3 Types of Machines
Inclined Planes
An inclined plane is a simple machine that is a straight, slanted surface.
Mechanical Advantage of an Inclined Plane The mechanical advantage (MA) of an inclined plane can be calculated by dividing the length of the inclined plane by the height to which the load is lifted.
MA = Length of Board / Final Height

33. Section 3 Types of Machines

34. Inclined Planes, continued
Section 3 Types of Machines
Inclined Planes, continued
Wedges A wedge is a pair of inclined planes that move.
Mechanical Advantage of Wedges can be found by dividing the length of the wedge by its greatest thickness.

35. Inclined Planes, continued
Section 3 Types of Machines
Inclined Planes, continued
Screws A screw is an inclined plane that is wrapped in a spiral around a cylinder.
Mechanical Advantage of Screws The longer the spiral on a screw is and the closer together the threads are, the greater the screw’s mechanical advantage is.

36. Compound Machines of Machines
Section 3 Types of Machines
Compound Machines of Machines
What Are Compound Machines? Compound machines are machines that are made of two or more simple machines.
Mechanical Efficiency of Compound Machines The mechanical efficiency of most compound machines is low, because compound machines have more moving parts than simple machines do. Thus, there is more friction to overcome.

37. Compound Machine of Machine
Section 3 Types of Machines
Compound Machine of Machine
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Visual Concept