1. Memory

2. Memory
• Memory:
Refers to the ability to store and retrieve information over time.
Memory is the basis for knowing your friends, your neighbors, the English language, and yourself.

3. If memory was nonexistent, everyone would be a stranger to you; every language foreign; every task new; and even you yourself would be a stranger.
We use three processes to control the movement of information in memory; encoding, storage, and retrieval.

4. Studying Memory: Information Processing Models
Preview Question 1: How do psychologists describe the human memory system?
Keyboard
(Encoding)
Disk
(Storage)
Monitor
(Retrieval)
Sequential Process

5. Encoding.
Encoding is the process by which we place the things that we experience into memory.
Unless information is encoded, it cannot be remembered.
If you have encoded someone's name in the category of "people in my class," you might not be able to identify that person when you see them in the grocery store.

6. Storage.
Storage :
It is the process of holding information in memory to be processed or used.
Three-stage of memory includes
a) sensory memory, b) short-term memory, and c) long-term memory.

7. Storage: Retaining Information
Storage is at the heart of memory. Three stores of memory are shown below:
Sensory
Memory
Working
Memory
Long-term
Memory
Encoding
Events
Encoding
Retrieval
Retrieval

8. Some memories we will hold for years, other memories we hold only long enough to use the information, such as looking up a phone number and retaining it long enough to place the call.

9. Sensory memory.
Sensory memory is a type of memory that lasts only very briefly.
Unless it is attended to and passed on for more processing, the memory is quickly forgotten.
The aim of sensory memory is to
give the brain some time to process the incoming sensations.
allow us to see the world as an unbroken stream of events rather than as individual pieces

10. The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses.
Sensory Memories
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses.
Iconic
0.5 sec. long
Echoic
3-4 sec. long
Hepatic
< 1 sec. long

11. Short-Term Memory
Most of the information that gets into sensory memory is forgotten, but information that we turn our attention to, with the goal of remembering it, may pass into short-term memory.

12. Short-term memory (STM) or working memory
is the place where small amounts of information can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but usually for less than one minute.
Information in short-term memory is not stored permanently but rather becomes available for us to process, and the processes that we use to make sense of, modify, interpret, and store information in STM are known as working memory.

13. Long-term Memory
If information makes it past short term-memory it may enter long-term memory (LTM), memory storage that can hold information for days, months, and years.

14. The capacity of long- term memory is large, and there is no known limit to what we can remember .
Although we may forget at least some information after we learn it, other things will stay with us forever.

15. Retrieval
Rrefers to the process of reactivating information that has been stored in memory. Memory would be useless without the ability to retrieve the memories that we have created.
There are several factors that can influence the retrieval of information from memory; the context, our physiological state or mood, the order of presentation and our ability to rehearse the information, and competing information in memory.

16. There are several factors that can influence the retrieval of information from memory;
1. The context,
2. Our physiological state or mood,
3.The order of presentation and our ability to rehearse the information, and competing information in memory

17. Memories are stored in connected synapses through the process of long-term potentiation (LTP). In addition to the cortex, other parts of the brain, including the hippocampus, cerebellum, and the amygdala, are also important in memory
long- term potentiation (LTP), refers to the strengthening of the synaptic connections between neurons as result of frequent stimulation

18. • Memory is influenced by chemicals including glutamate, serotonin, epinephrine, and estrogen.

19. Location of Memory
Different brain structures help us remember different types of information.
The hippocampus is particularly important in explicit واضح memories.
The cerebellum is particularly important in implicitضمني memories.
The amygdala is particularly important in emotional memories

20. Hippocampus Hippocampus – a neural center in the limbic
system that processes explicit memories.
Weidenfield & Nicolson archives

21. Cerebellum Cerebellum – a neural center in the hindbrain
that processes implicit memories.

22. Measures of Memory
In recognition, the person must identify an item amongst other choices. (A multiple-choice test requires recognition.)
Name the capital of France.
Brussels
Rome
London
Paris

23. Measures of Memory
In recall, the person must retrieve information using effort. (A fill-in-the blank test requires recall.)
The capital of France is ______.

24. Measures of Memory
In relearning, the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when learning material for the second time.
List
Jet
Dagger
Tree
Kite …
Silk
Frog
Ring
List
Jet
Dagger
Tree
Kite …
Silk
Frog
Ring
Original
Trials
Relearning
Trials
1 day later
Saving
X 100
Relearning
Trials 10 5
X 100 10
It took 10 trials
to learn this list
It took 5 trials
to learn the list
50%

25. Forgetting
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding, storage, or retrieval.
Preview Question 9: Why do we forget?

26. We cannot remember what we do not encode.
Encoding Failure
We cannot remember what we do not encode.

27. Retrieval Failure
Although the information is retained in the memory store, it cannot be accessed.
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is a retrieval failure phenomenon. Given a cue (What makes blood cells red?) the subject says the word begins with an H (hemoglobin).

28. Interference Learning some new information may disrupt
retrieval of other information.

29. Improving Memory Study repeatedly to boost long-term recall.
Spend more time or actively thinking about the material.
Use mnemonic devices:
associate with peg words
make up a story
chunk قطع— acronymsاختصارات
Preview Question 12: How can an understanding of memory contribute to more effective study techniques?

30. Improving Memory
Recall events while they are fresh — before you encounter misinformation.
Minimize interference:
Test your own knowledge.
Rehearseتدريب and then determine what you do not yet know.
© LWA-Dann Tardiff/ Corbis

31. Lec. Quiz. Define the following Encoding of information
Storage of information
2. Complete :
. ………….is particularly important in explicit memories.
……………is particularly important in implicit memories.
……………is particularly important in emotional memories

32. Put (√) or wrong (χ)
Encoding is the process by which we place the things that we experience into memory( )
Memory the ability to store and retrieve information over time ( )
Sensory memory is a type of memory that lasts very long ( )
The amygdala is particularly important in emotional memories( )
storage is inability to retrieve information ( )