1. Understanding Chemical Reactions
Lesson Covalent bonding

2. Covalent bonding REMEMBER!
Two non-metals can both gain electrons by sharing!
If their outer shells overlap, they share some of each other’s electrons.
This ‘satisfies’ both atoms.

3. Covalent bonding
Shared electrons form covalent bonds between non-metal atoms.

5. Another example of covalent bonding
Chlorine does not exist as single atoms.
Virtually the only gases that exist as single atoms are the Noble gases – why?

6. Another example of covalent bonding
Chlorine Cl has 7 electrons in its outer shell.
It needs 1 more electron to fill it.
How can it manage to do this?

7. Another example of covalent bonding
Like many gases, it is di-atomic.
Two Cl atoms bond together to make a Cl2 molecule.

8. Another example of covalent bonding
Three ways to show the covalent bond in Cl2. The right-hand one is a ‘dot and cross’ diagram (showing the outer electrons only).

9. Another example of covalent bonding
Count the electrons in the outer shell of each chlorine atom. Do they both have 8 electrons? Are they both ‘satisfied’?

10. Oxygen
Oxygen, like hydrogen and chlorine exists as a di-atomic molecule.
Each oxygen atom has six electrons in the outer shell – two electrons short of the stable electron arrangement of a Noble gas.

11. Oxygen

12. Oxygen
Each oxygen atom gives two electrons to be shared, so this makes two covalent bonds (called a double bond).

13. Oxygen

14. Properties of covalent compounds
Substance
Appearance
Does it melt?
Does it dissolve in water?
Does it conduct electricity?
Graphite
Candle wax
Sand
Glucose
Sulphur
Iodine

15. They are usually gases (think methane, ammonia)
Properties of covalent compounds involving 2, 3, 4 or 5 non-metal atoms bonded together to form a molecule.
They are usually gases (think methane, ammonia)
Their melting points are low
They are poor conductors of electricity
They do not dissolve easily in water (except HCl)
They dissolve well in organic solvents

16. The bonds within the covalent molecules are very strong.
Properties of covalent compounds involving 2, 3, 4 or 5 non-metal atoms bonded together to form a molecule.
The bonds within the covalent molecules are very strong.
But the particles have no electric charge
There are only very weak forces between the molecules.
This explains their low melting and boiling points.

17. Small molecules form gases at room temperature.
Properties of covalent compounds involving 2, 3, 4 or 5 non-metal atoms bonded together to form a molecule.
Small molecules form gases at room temperature.
Larger molecules may be liquids or soft solids.

18. Properties of covalent compounds involving 2, 3, 4 or 5 non-metal atoms bonded together to form a molecule.
Sulphur reacts with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide (SO2) molecules. Is this likely to be a solid, liquid or gas?

19. Giant covalent structures
Use the CHEMISTRY text book
Read page 120 – 121 (up to but not including the section on ‘Plastics’).
Answer the following questions in your own words…..

20. Giant covalent structures
What is a ‘giant molecular structure’?
Give three examples of giant molecular structures.
What are allotropes?
Describe the properties of diamond.
Describe the properties of graphite.
Explain why these two allotropes of carbon have such different properties.