1. LANGUAGE

3. There are over 850 languages spoken in Papua New Guinea

4. There are 780 languages spoken in India today

5. Where is English Distributed?
Look at English as a case study of how language is diffused
(2) English is spoken by ½ billion people (2nd behind Mandarin Chinese). Nearly all Chinese speakers in China but English speakers distributed across the globe
English = official language of 42 countries, more than any other language

6. English Diffusion
Diffusion of English is a result of migration/colonization/imperialism. Every time the English colonized a place, they made English the official language. Modern day English speaking countries is a map of colonialism:
To N. America – 17th C
Ireland 17th C
S. Asia mid 18th C
S Pacific late 18th C
S. Africa late 19th C

7. Global Dominance of English
Globalization produces a need for a common language of communication. Today that language is English.
Lingua Franca: when people of different languages need to communicate quickly and efficiently they use a lingua franca…a language of international communication. (ex: Russian was the lingua franca of USSR)

8. English = Global Lingua Franca
Polish airline pilot flying over France speaks English to air traffic control
English = official language in many factories and businesses around the globe
Most info on WWW = in English
Language of pop culture = English
Among EU countries, 83% of high scholars speak English

9. English = Lingua Franca
Japanese schools require 6 yrs of English and Japanese government has considered making Eng an official 2nd language
Universities around the globe that teach in English are often most competitive because students feel it’s necessary to enter global economy

10. Modern English is very difficult to learn for non-native speakers because of odd spellings, unusual grammar rules, lots of exceptions to the rule (Eng is hodge podge of Celts, Welsh, Normans, Vikings, mixed with Romance languages, etc.)