1. What are the 8 features of civilization?

2. Unit 2: World Religions Overview

3. Review Monotheistic: 1 God Polytheistic: 2 or more gods
Religions we will be studying:
-Hinduism (Poly) -Judaism (Mono)
-Buddhism (no deity) -Christianity (Mono)
-Islam (Mono)
-Confucianism (philosophy)

4. Hinduism Country of Origin: India Followers: 860 million (3rd largest)
Founder: None Holy Book: many sacred texts including the Upanishads and Vedas (sacred hymns)
Name of God/s: Brahmin, Vishnu, Shiva…
Dietary guidelines: Most are vegetarians

5. Hinduism Basic Beliefs: -The soul never dies but is continually reborn
(reincarnation.)
-Freedom from earthly desires occur after many lifetimes of worship, knowledge, and virtuous acts.
-Karma, or one’s actions (good and bad) determine the cycle of reincarnation
-Dharma – one’s duties and obligations
-Moksha, the goal of Hindu’s the end of the cycle of birth and death is
-Ahimsa, the practice of non-violence

6. Hinduism - Holidays
Holidays:
-Deepavali: (Festival of Lights) Hindus light a lantern in the morning to thank the gods for happiness, peace, wealth, and knowledge that they have received.

7. Hinduism – Caste System
Caste system is the social class system in ancient India.
During the cycles of reincarnation, the way that you lead your life (Karma) determines your status in the caste system. It allows for social mobility (movement up and down the social castes).

8. Buddhism Country of Origin: India and Nepal
Followers: 379 million (4th largest)
Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) Holy Book: many sacred books including Dhamapada
Name of God: no god/s
Dietary guidelines: Most are vegetarians

9. Buddhism Basic Beliefs:
- Grows out of Hinduism due to corruption of high priests and the Caste System
-Followers can achieve enlightenment by:
(1) understanding the Four Noble Truths
-Life is full of suffering
-Suffering is caused by desire
-Remove desire, remove suffering
-Can eliminate desire and free yourself from birth/death cycle by following the Eight Fold Path

10. Buddhism Basic Beliefs:
-(2) You reach Enlightenment by following the Eight Fold Path: right view, right mindfulness, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right intention, right concentration
Dharma, Karma, Ahimsa, and Reincarnation
The Middle Way: not living in extreems
Buddhism does not spread in India because Hindus did not think it was different.

12. 4. Goal of Buddhism: Enlightenment: People will achieve happiness when they become enlightened and no longer have earthly desires.

13. Theravada and Mahayana
Buddhism
Major Holidays:
-Holidays are determined not by the calendar but rather the phase in the lunar cycle.
-Buddha’s Birthday
-Nirvana Day: celebrates the death of the Buddha and his entrance into nirvana.
Cultural Diffusion: Buddhism spreads across the silk road throughout Asia main sects (sections or branches)
Theravada and Mahayana

14. Judaism Country of Origin: Israel Followers: 14 million (6th largest)
Founder: Abraham Holy Book: Hebrew Bible-The Torah
Name of God: God (Yahweh in Hebrew)

15. -There is one God that watches and cares for them
Judaism
Basic Beliefs:
-There is one God that watches and cares for them
-God loves and protects, but holds people accountable for their sins.
-Serve God by reading the Torah and living by its teachings.
-10 commandments
-Messiah has not but will come

16. Judaism
Holidays:
-Rosh Hashanah: Jewish New Year – this day is used to reflect on the past and make goals for the future.
-Yom Kippur: Do not attend work, 25 hour fast, and attend synagogue. On this day, followers should make up for their sins.
-Hanukah: Eight day holiday commemorating the rededication of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem.

17. Judaism
Keeping Kosher: Jews practice the total separation of meat and dairy. This means keeping separate sets of dishes, pots, silverware, serving dishes, bread trays and salt shakers are needed. These different sets should be kept in separate cabinets.

18. Cultural Diffusion: Spread of ideas (Religions)
Judaism starts in Israel and most Jews are still concentrated there, though diasporas have happened several times.
3 sects (branches) Orthodox, Conservative and Reform
Animated map shows how religion spread around the
The population of Jews in the United States is only about 1.4%

19. Christianity and Islam grow out of Judaism

20. Christianity Country of Origin: Judea (Modern day Israel)
Symbol: Cross
Followers: largest in the world (2.1 billion)
Founder: Jesus
Holy Book: Bible ((Old (Torah) and New Testament))
Name of God: God
Dietary Restrictions: Most have none

21. -Only one God who watches over the people and cares for them
Christianity
Grows out of Judaism
Basic Beliefs:
-Only one God who watches over the people and cares for them
-Jesus is the Messiah (Savior) -The Son of God who died to save humanity.
-He was resurrected making
eternal life possible.
Believe the Messiah will return
Resurrected, raised from the dead, miracle of Chrisitanity

22. -Christmas: December 25th. Birth of Jesus Christ.
Christianity
Holidays:
-Lent: 40 days before Easter. Varies on observance, but many refrain from eating meat on certain days.
-Good Friday: Crucifixion of Jesus on the cross. Considered a day of mourning.
-Easter: 1st Sunday after March 21st. Observing the resurrection of Jesus.
-Christmas: December 25th. Birth of Jesus Christ.

23. Christianity: Constantine:
-first Christian emperor
did not always live or rule by Christian virtue.
executed his son by his first wife, and somehow his second wife disappeared and was found dead.
Constantine did become baptized
, the City of Milan is hosting an exhibition which displays the world in the early 300s and how Constantine incorporated his symbol of conquest, the Chi-Rho, into coinage and hundreds of other exquisite objects of the time. Besides presenting the Roman Empire of the period in all of its military and regal might and the transition to a new era shifting away from persecution towards peace, a section of the exhibit celebrates the life of St Helena, the mother of Constantine and a powerful person in her own right, who traveled widely in search of the true cross of Christ.

24. Christianity: Constantine:
-Edict of Milan
The Edict of Milan: legalization of Christianity but the birth of religious tolerance and freedom of religions

25. Christianity
Cultural Diffusion: Spreads throughout the Roman Empire then through the world.

26. Christianity: Constantine:-

27. Islam Country of Origin: Saudi Arabia
Followers: 1.3 billion – 2nd largest religion
Founder: spread by Muhammad Holy Book: Qur’an
Name of God: Allah (Arabic for God)
Dietary Restrictions: Halal

28. Islam
Basic Beliefs:
-There is only one God who watches over and cares for his people
-People should follow the Five Pillars
(1) Faith
(2) Prayer
(3) Charity
(4) Fasting (not eating)
(5) Pilgrimage to Mecca

29. -Muharram: Islamic New Year
Holidays:
-Muharram: Islamic New Year
-Ramadan: a month of fasting ending in Muslims sharing their blessings by feeding the poor or
contributing to
mosques.

30. Halal
What is halal?
Halal simply means lawful. Foods that are allowed to be eaten according to Islamic Sharia law.
What is haram?
The opposite of halal is haram (forbidden).
Food can be forbidden in Islam if it includes:
blood
alcohol
meat or any products from a forbidden animal, including pigs and any carnivorous animals or birds of prey
meat or any products of an animal which has not been slaughtered in the correct manner in the name of Allah

31. Halal
Under Islamic law (sharia) it is permissible (halal) to consume non-halal items as it is a matter of survival and not just an act of disobedience.
Halal Slaughter
Here at Halal Choices we are concerned with the halal slaughter of animals such as beef, lamb and poultry. To be halal certified the animal must be facing Mecca, have its throat cut while still alive and then ritually sacrificed by a Muslim who recites a prayer dedicating the slaughter to Allah. Because the animals must be slaughtered alive, stun guns are often not an option as they can kill an animal before the heart pumps out all the blood.

32. Halal

33. -The majority of Muslims actually live in South East Asia.
Islam
Cultural Diffusion:
-The majority of Muslims actually live in South East Asia.
-Dearborn has the largest concentrated population outside of the Middle East.

34. Islam

35. Significance of Jerusalem
Wailing Wall – remains of Temple of David Judaism
Church of the Holy Seplichure
Jesus’ tomb is located
Christianity
Dome of the Rock Mosque, Muhammad ascends into heaven
Islam

36. Confucianism Country of Origin: China
Followers: 6.5 million (smallest we study)
Founder: Confucius Holy Book: Analects
Name of God: no god, philosphy and basis of Chinese Civil Service Exams

37. Confucianism Basic Beliefs:
-Strong family relationships are basis for social order, harmony and good government
-Must be respectful to elders (filial piety)
-Education important for both individual and society
-The Five Relationships: Next slide

39. Confucianism Major Holidays:
-Confucius Day: September 29th celebrating world’s great
philosophers

40. Confucianism Confucius’s Rules on Diet and Food
Freshness of food According to Confucius, the prime emphasis concerning food is freshness. We must never consume food that is not fresh, and we know that the food is not fresh if they:
Have rotted or turn stale Smell bad or have changed in color They are not in season or has been preserved Have been cooked much earlier before eating Are overcooked or badly handled Reheated, damaged by heat or stored in damp place. Are meat that have been kept for more than 3 days.
Confucius was well known for being meticulous in every aspect of his life. In one version of the story, it was said that his painstakingness drove his wife mad and eventually ran away from him. Whether this was true, we would never know. What we do know, however, is that he treated his diet with fastidious care and had set out detailed guidelines for food and diet in his teachings. Some of the rules and principles set by Confucius in relation to food and diet are outlined below. 

41. No Cultural Diffusion Confucianism
ALL of the Religions that I have mentioned have a version of the following Golden Rule…
No Cultural Diffusion

42. In future units…
In the future we will address encounters between religious groups and what happened.