1. Chapter 13: Immunity and Infection
By: Samantha Galloway,
Gloria Martinez,
Xavier Gonzales,
Harrison Crowl,
& Maria Bolanos

2. The Chain of Infection Infections: are caused by outside pathogens
Transmitted by one person to another in steps.
Step 1: Pathogen lives in its natural reservoir.
Step 2: The pathogen has to exit the reservoir to transmit the infection.
Direct transmission pathogens are passed on from person to person without intermediary.
Indirect transmission the pathogens are transmitted by animals.
Step 3: After being transmitted the pathogen has to find a way to enter the hosts body.
The pathogens that have direct contact can a systemic infection.
Once the pathogen is in the host it is matter variety of factors if the pathogen will infect the host or not.

3. The Bodies Defense System
Physical and Chemical Barriers
Skin
Mucous membranes
Body openings and the fluids that cover them are rich in antibodies and enzymes that breakdown and kill many microorganisms

4. The Immune System Immunological Defenders
Different type of white blood cells
Neutrophils- one type of blood cell that travels in the blood stream to areas of invasion attacking ingestion pathogens.
Macrophages – “big eaters” take up the stations in the tissue as they act as scavengers devouring the pathogens.
Natural Killing Cells- directly destroy virus-infected cells that have turned out cancerous.
Dendritic Cells- reside in tissues, eat pathogens and activate lymphocytes

5. Epidemics and Pandemics
Rapidly spreading disease/ health concern
Pandemics
Wide spread epidemic
West Nile Virus
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Rotavirus
Escherichia Coli
Hantavirus
Ebola

6. Chlamydia Most common bacterial infection More prevalent in women
Increases risk of HIV
Causes PID in women
No early symptoms
Symptoms:
Men: Painful urination; watery discharge; pain in testicles.
Women: Painful urination; pain and bleeding with intercourse; increased vaginal discharge
Treatment:
Easily treatable with antibiotics

7. Gonorrhea
Causes PID in women and arthritis, eye infections and rashes.
Symptoms:
Men: Discharge from penis; painful urination
Women: No symptoms
Treatment:
Easily treatable with antibiotics

8. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Occurs when women infected with chlamydia or gonorrhea do not receive medical aid
Requires hospitalization
25% of women still experience long term affects
Symptoms:
Chills; pelvic pain; vomiting; fever
Treatment:
Antibiotics and then hospitalization

9. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Most common STD
Causes genital warts and genital cancers
Highly contagious
Incurable
Vaccines available
Symptoms:
Genital warts
Treatment:
Treatment focuses on removal of warts

10. Genital Herpes Two types: HSV1 and HSV2 HSV1: HSV2 Symptoms:
Occurs in childhood
Easily fought off by immune system
HSV2
Sexually transmitted
Incurable
Affects newborns
90% of people with HSV2 show no symptoms
Symptoms:
Lesions; swollen lymph nodes
Treatment:
No cure, but antibiotics lessen outbreaks

11. Hepatitis B (HBV) Inflammation of liver Fatal
Transmitted through body fluids
Effective vaccine
Symptoms:
Most never have symptoms
Nausea, vomiting, chills, jaundice
Treatment:
None

12. Syphilis Once deadly Easily treated
Infected develop a large ulcer called chancre
Chancres have large amounts of bacteria
Contagious
Symptoms:
Flu-like; rash
If not treated
leads to blindness; dementia; death

13. Other STDs Other STDs: Trich: BV: Crabs: Treatments:
Trichomoniasis (Trich)
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
Pubic lice and scabies (crabs)
Trich:
Requires moist conditions
Foul smelling discharge from vagina
Increased risk of HIV
BV:
Fishy odor from vagina
Crabs:
Highly contagious
Treatments:
All of the above are easily treated with antibiotics