1. Chapter 01 Lecture Outline
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2. Organization of the Body
1.1 The Human Body

3. Introduction
Anatomy – the structure of a part of the body and its relationship to other structures
Physiology – the function of a part, individually and as part of a system
The structure of a part of the body suits the function of that part (they complement each other)

4. The Body’s Organization Levels
Levels of Organization
Chemical: atoms, molecules, and macromolecules compose the cellular organelles, which perform functions of the cell
Cellular: cells are the basic unit of life
Tissue: made of similar cells that perform a specific function
Organs: several types of tissues that perform a specific function
Organ Systems: several organs that work together to perform related functions
Organism: all the systems interact to make the whole organism

5. Levels of Organization

6. Organization of the Body
1.2 Anatomical Terms

7. Introduction Anatomical terms are used to describe:
Location of body parts
Regions of the body
Imaginary planes that can be used to section the body

8. Introduction, cont. Anatomical position:
A common reference point for all anatomical terms
Standing erect, face, palms, and toes facing forward, arms at sides

9. Anatomical Position

10. Directional Terms Anterior (ventral)/Posterior (dorsal)
Superior/Inferior
Medial/Lateral
Proximal/Distal
Superficial/Deep
Central/Peripheral

11. Directional Terms

12. Regions of the Body Axial portion – head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular portion – upper and lower limbs

13. Terms for Body Parts and Areas

14. Planes and Sections of the Body
Sagittal (median) plane – divides body into right and left portions
Midsagittal – exactly through the midline
Parasagittal – any cut not through the midline
Frontal (coronal) plane – divides body into anterior and posterior portions
Transverse (horizontal) plane – divides body into superior and inferior portions
Longitudinal section – cut lengthwise
Cross section – cut straight across

15. Body Planes and Sections

16. Organization of the Body
1.3 Body Cavities and Membranes

17. Posterior (Dorsal) Body Cavity
Includes the:
1. Cranial cavity – contains the brain
2. Vertebral canal – contains the spinal cord
Meninges – membranous layers lining the dorsal body cavity; contain cerebrospinal fluid, which nourishes and supports the brain and spinal cord

18. Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity
Includes the:
Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity, separated the diaphragm muscle
Membranes that line these cavities are called serous membranes, which secrete serous fluid to reduce friction between organs.

19. Relationship Between the Body Wall, Serous Membranes, and Organs

20. Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity, cont.
Thoracic cavity
Medial portion (mediastinum) – contains the heart (pericardial cavity), thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, and other structures
Right and left portions (pleural cavities) – contain the lungs

21. Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity, cont.
Abdominopelvic cavity
Superior portion (abdominal cavity) – contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and most of the small and large intestines
Inferior portion (pelvic cavity) – contains the rectum, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and the rest of the large intestine

22. Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity, cont.
Parietal serous membrane – lines walls of anterior body cavities
Visceral serous membrane – covers organs of the anterior body cavity

23. Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity, cont.
Thoracic cavity:
Parietal Pleura – lines thoracic cavity; visceral pleura – covers lungs
Parietal pericardium – lines pericardial cavity; visceral pericardium – covers heart

24. Major Body Cavities and Membranes

25. Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity, cont.
Abdominopelvic cavity:
Visceral peritoneum – covers the organs in abdominopelvic cavity; parietal peritoneum – lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

26. Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity, cont.
Nine abdominopelvic regions:
Right and left hypochondriac, epigastric
Right and left lumbar, umbilical
Right and left iliac, hypogastric
Four abdominopelvic quadrants:
Right upper, left upper
Right lower, left lower

27. Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants

28. Organization of the Body
1.4 Organ Systems

29. Support, Movement, and Protection
Integumentary System
Skin and accessory organs
Protection, prevents infection & water loss, regulate body temperature, sense organ, synthesizes chemicals
Skeletal System
Bones, cartilage, ligaments
Support, movement, mineral storage, produces blood cells
Muscular System
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles
Movement, posture, heat production; movements in internal organs and pumping blood through the body

30. Integration and Coordination
Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
Communication, control, and responses
Endocrine System
Hormone producing glands such as the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, etc.

31. Maintenance of the Body
Cardiovascular System
Heart and blood vessels
Transport
Lymphatic System
Protects from disease
Respiratory System
Lungs and air passages
Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

32. Maintenance of the Body, cont.
Digestive System
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs
Receive and break down food into nutrients cells can use
Urinary System
Kidneys, urinary bladder
Remove nitrogenous waste, regulate fluid level and chemical content of the blood

33. Reproduction and Development
Male Reproductive System
Testes, ducts, glands
Produce sperm and male sex hormones
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries, ducts, uterus
Produce ova and female sex hormones, provide site for young development

34. Organization of the Body
1.5 Homeostasis

35. Introduction
Homeostasis: the relative constancy of the body’s internal environment
External conditions may change dramatically, but internal conditions stay within a narrow range
Dynamic equilibrium – internal conditions are not absolutely constant
Illness results if internal conditions change to any great degree

36. Negative Feedback
Negative feedback is the primary homeostatic mechanism in the body; keeps a variable close to the set point
Sensor – detects a change in the internal environment
Control center – activates the effector
Effector – produces a response to the change; reverses the change in the internal environment

37. Negative Feedback General Pattern

38. Mechanical Example of Negative Feedback

39. Mechanical Example of Negative Feedback

40. Body Temperature Regulation

41. Body Temperature Regulation

42. Positive Feedback
In positive feedback, the effector continues to stimulate the sensor so that a greater change in the internal environment occurs
Helps in completing a process that has a cutoff point
Ex: Childbirth

43. Positive Feedback

44. Homeostasis and Body Systems
All body systems contribute towards maintaining homeostasis
Each system affects the other systems

45. Homeostasis and Body Systems, cont.
Integumentary system supports and protects
Muscular system moves the body and moves substances through the body
Nervous and sensory systems control activities in the body
Endocrine system also controls activities in the body
Blood and Cardiovascular systems transport substances in the body and defends against disease

46. Human Systems Work Together

47. Human Systems Work Together

48. Regulation of Tissue Fluid Composition

49. Homeostasis and Body Systems
Lymphatic system assists the cardiovascular system in transportation and defense
Respiratory system exchanges gases
Digestive system brings in nourishment and removes waste
Urinary system removes waste
Reproductive system propagates the human species

50. Human Systems Work Together

51. Human Systems Work Together

52. Disease
Disease – when homeostasis fails and a body part doesn’t work properly
Local disease – restricted to a specific part of the body
Systemic disease – affects several organs systems or the entire body
Acute disease – occurs suddenly and lasts a short time
Chronic disease – develops slowly and is long term