1. 10.2-Islam Expands

2. Islam after Muhammad’s Death
Muhammad dies in 632- community in crisis
Main issue of leadership-who is going to be next big leader of the faith
Muhammad had not named a successor
Community elected Abu-Bakr
First caliph-successor/deputy

3. Rightly Guided Caliphs
Abu-Bakr and next three caliphs all knew Muhammad
Were able to use Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions to guide the faith
Considered rightly guided
Abu-Bakr-had to deal with tribes abandoning Islam-also heretics
Invoked jihad-internal struggle against evil
Also Armed struggle against non- believers
Jihad used by first four caliphs to expand Islam
By 750 AD-6000 miles long

5. Reasons for Success Great progress made by first four caliphs
Victories seen as sign of Allah’s support
Fought to defend Islam and struggle to expand it
Armies very well disciplined and commanded
Also success due to weaknesses in Byzantine and Sassanid Empires
People persecuted for not following state religion (Christianity) interested in Islam
Attracted to ideas of equality, hope, and not having to certain taxes

6. Treatment of Conquered People
Muslims allowed conquered people to follow own religion
Christians and Jews (people of the book) special consideration
Paid special poll tax to be exempt from military duties and practice own religion
Christians and Jews not allowed to spread religion but could still be higher class in society

7. Internal Conflicts Hard for Muslims to stay unified internally
Assassination of Uthman and Ali (3rd and 4th caliph)-no more elections for caliph
New family Umayyads-moved capital to Damascus
Good for control over other territories-bad because too far away from Mecca
Focused too much on wealth and ceremony

8. Sunni-Shi’a Split Originally, Muslims accepted rule of Umayyads
Small group decided to be caliphate had to be descendent of prophet Muhammad
Shi’a (party of Ali)-Shi’ites
Ali was son-in-law of Muhammad
Other group-Sunni-followers of Muhammad’s EXAMPLE
Sufi-those who rejected luxury of Umayyads-focus on poverty
Religious and political opposition overthrow Umayyads in 750 AD

11. Empire Continues to Expand
Abbasids in power in 750- murdered remaining Umayyads
One member escapes-sets up Umayyad caliphate in Spain
With Berbers (Muslim troops from North Africa) set up Muslim state at al-Andalus

12. Abbasids Consolidate Power
Solidify power-move capital to empire to Baghdad
Key access to trading goods, gold and information
Strong bureaucracy-appointed government officials
Treasurer to do finances, department to deal with armies, etc.
Had diplomats go to foreign lands
Support bureaucracy-Abbasids taxed land and non-Muslims wealth

14. Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands
Abbasid Caliphate
Could not keep complete political control
Independent Muslim states sprang up
Fatimid Caliphate-Shi’a Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad’s daughter
Fatimid and others still connected to Abbasid

15. Muslim Trade Network
Mediterranean and Indian Ocean- major sea trading networks
Connected Muslim World to Silk Road, China, India, Europe and Africa
Muslim banks throughout empire
Letters of credit (sakks) to merchants-basically checks
Could use sakks at various banks throughout Muslim world
Corodoba as main city-huge Muslim culture emerges