1. Citing Authors and Works

2. What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is the use of another person’s ideas or words without giving them the proper credit.
Plagiarism can occur when you use someone else’s exact words without giving them credit, taking
credit for someone else’s ideas, or even presenting your own past work as a new idea.

3. APA

4. What is APA?
The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is the most commonly used format for manuscripts in the Social Sciences. It regulates: STYLISTICS, IN-TEXT CITATIONS, and REFERENCES

5. How to create a BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE
Center the title (Bibliography or References) at the top of the page. Do not bold it.
Double-space reference entries*.
Flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines.
Order entries alphabetically by the author’s surnames.

7. How to create a BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE
Invert authors’ names (last name first followed by initials: “Smith, J.Q.”).
Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.

8. How to create a BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE
Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
Italicize or underline titles of longer works such as books and journals.
Do NOT italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.

9. Sample Entries

10. Book with a single author
Austin, J. H. (1998). Zen and the brain: Toward an understanding of meditation and consciousness.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Strunk, W., Jr. (1979). The elements of
style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.

11. Book with two authors
Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E.B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.

12. Book with multiple authors
Calarco, M., San, K., & Atterton, P.(2009). Animal philosophy: Essential readings in continental thought. New York: Continuum.

13. Edited book
Ickes, W. (Ed.). (1998). Empathic accuracy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

14. Book with corporate authors
World Bank. (2004). Gender and development in the Middle East and North Africa: Women in the public sphere. Washington, DC: Author.

15. Section from a book
Jeffrey, I. (2002). Introduction. In B. Savelev, Secret city: Photographs from Peru (pp. 8-12). New York: Thames and Hudson.

16. CD-ROM
King, M.L., Jr.(1963). I have been to the mountaintop. Infamous American speeches [CD-ROM]. Retrieved from Oryx Press database [1996, November 8].

17. Web site
Adams, R. G. (1937). Librarians as enemies of books. In D. Seaman (Ed.). The electronic text  center. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia. Retrieved January 7, 2002, from  

18. Web page
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009) H1N1 Flu ("Swine Flu") and You. Retrieved February 6, 2010, from

19. Blog post
McAdoo, T. (2009, September 10). Use of First Person in APA Style [Web log message]. Retrieved May 7, 2010, from

20. Journal
Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Jeitner, C., Burke, S., Stamm, T., Snigaroff, R., ... Weston, J. (2007). Mercury levels and potential risk from subsistence foods from the Aleutians. Science of The Total Environment, 384,  doi: /j.scitotenv

21. Online journal
Killingbeck, D. (2001). The role of television news in the construction of school violence as "moral panic" [Electronic Version]. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 8, Retrieved October 30, 2001, from

22. Newspaper article
Young, J. (2003, February 14). Prozac campus: More students seek counseling and take psychiatric medication. The Philippine Star, pp. A37-38.

23. Magazine article
Henry, W. A., III (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135(4),

24. Thesis
Johnson, S. (2004). Financial variables and merger premiums: Evidence from bank mergers.   Retrieved from Dissertations and Theses database.(AAT )
Johnson, S. (2004). Financial variables and merger premiums: Evidence from bank mergers [Unpublished thesis].   Retrieved from Dissertations and Theses database.(AAT )

25. Song recording
Desmond, P. (1959). Take five [recorded by Dave Brubeck Quartet]. On Time out [CD] New York: Columbia. (1987)

26. Film
Jarre, K., Carr, P. (Producers), & Sommers, S. (Director). (2004). The mummy [Motion Picture].   MCA Universal Home Video.

27. Stage play
Atlantis Productions (Producer). Garcia, B. (Director). (2011). Next to normal [Stage Play].   Makati: Carlos P. Romulo Auditorium.

28. In-text citation

29. Single author Example:
APA Style gives prominence to the date of a publication. In-text citations use the author's last name and the date, separated by a comma, as a brief reference in the text of the article to refer the reader to complete information in the reference list.
Example:
“APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners” (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

30. Single author Example:
If the author's name is mentioned in the narrative, then only the date need be given:
Example:
Jones (1998) described APA as a difficult citation format for first-time learners (p. 199).

31. Two authors Examples: (Parker & Mokhesi-Parker, 1998)
Always use both names every time they are referred to in the text. Use the ampersand (&) to connect the names in the parentheses, but spell out "and" in the running text.
Examples:
(Parker & Mokhesi-Parker, 1998)
Parker and Mokhesi-Parker (1998) in examining institutional design and function …

32. Three to five authors Examples:
Cite all the authors in text the first time a reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al.
Examples:
(Parker, Mokhesi-Parker, AuthorC, AuthorD & AuthorE, 1998)
(Parker et al., 1998)

33. Six or more authors Examples: (Parker et al., 1998)
Cite in text only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations.
Examples:
(Parker et al., 1998)

34. Anonymous author
Examples:
(Anonymous, 1998)

35. Short quotation
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

36. Block quote (long quotation)
Block quotes are used for quotes of more than 40 words.

37. Block quote (long quotation)
Indent the block quote five spaces or half an inch.
Do not use quotation marks.
Double space the quote unless your school has a rule about single spacing block quotes.
Do not include any additional lines or spaces before or after the block quote.
Notice that in block quotes, the period goes before the parentheses, not after.

38. Block quote (long quotation)
Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Strunk (1922) stated:
Use quotes around an article title or book chapter,
but italicize the title of a book, journal, brochure, or
report when used in the body of the paper. Use a
short title in the parenthetical citation or complete
title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical titles
like books and book titles have all the important
words capitalized in the text citations, but these
same book titles do not have all the important words
capitalized in the reference list. (p.342)

39. Special case
Boyle (1998a, 1998b, 1998c) found in three separate studies that the rats had higher stress hormone levels after exposure.
The three studies were done in 1998 and each was published separately that year. To avoid confusion, each study will be designated by a different letter – a, b, c, etc. Items are listed in the reference section alphabetically by title.

40. Special case
Strunk (1922) mentioned in his article to “[u]se quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book…[u]se a short title in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short…” (p.342).

41. QUIZ