1. This document contains material gathered from Mark Hubley’s, PhD Human Anatomy and Physiology class at Prince Georges’ Community College

2. How many systems does human the human body contain?
“Brain Pop”
How many systems does human the human body contain?

3. Why are we here?
Obviously, to learn about human body systems and their function/physiology.
But, what does that mean?
Before we begin, we’ve got to figure a few things out:
1. What’s a human?
2. What’s structure?
3. What’s function?

4. What are humans? Organisms are classified as human because they are:
Animals
Vertebrates
Possess backbones
Mammals
Possess:
Mammary glands
Hair
Generate heat internally
Have teeth w/ different shapes and functions)

5. What are humans? Primates Opposable thumbs (can you touch your
Possess:
Opposable thumbs (can you touch your
pinky with your thumb?).
What advantage does this confer?
2 clavicles (collarbones)
Only 2 mammary glands. Why only 2?
Forward facing eyes with stereoscopic vision (for depth perception)
Hominids
Bipedal (walk on 2 legs)
Possess a large brain size/body size ratio

6. What is anatomy?
Anatomy is defined as the study of…
Structure refering to their shapes,
sizes, and characteristics of the component of the human body.
The word anatomy comes from 2 words:
Ana which means “up or apart”
Tomos which means “to cut”
Why these two words????

7. (1) Study of stuff seen by the naked eye (Gross Anatomy- Macroscopic).
Types of Anatomy
We can divide our study of structure into 2 parts:
(1) Study of stuff seen by the naked eye (Gross Anatomy- Macroscopic).
(2) Study of stuff seen ONLY with the
microscope (Microanatomy).
We can divide microanatomy into:
Histology – study of tissues
Cytology – study of individual cells.

8. Related Fields of Study
Obviously, anatomy and physiology come under the rubric of Biology – the study of life.
(1) Pathology – the study of disease.
Why is pathology so important?
Another super important field is
(2) Embryology, the study of how a single zygote (i.e., a fertilized egg) turns into a fully-fledged human being with trillions of cells.
Why is embryology so vital?

9. Physiology
Physiology is defined as the study of function – so human physiology attempts to explain how and humans function as a entire organism.

10. A Prototypical Cell

11. Some Important Themes
Biology is hierarchical with each level building on the level below it.
Cells are an organism’s basic unit of structure and function.
Structure and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization!!!!!!!!

12. Levels of Structure
Organelle (smallest)
Cell
In order to understand how something is built and how something works, you must look at all of its components and analyze them both individually and together.
An organism (such as a human being) may be broken down as illustrated on the left.
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism (largest)

14. Body Systems
1. Skeletal System
2. Muscular System
3. Nervous System

15. 4. Endocrine System 6. Lymphatic/ Immune System/Blood
5. Cardiovascular/
Circulatory System
6. Lymphatic/
Immune
System/Blood

16. 7. Respiratory System
8. Digestive
System
9. Urinary System

17. 10.Reproductive System
11. Integumentary
System

18. Can Anatomy & Physiology Be Separated?
NOOOOOOO!!!!! Absolutely not!
Structure and function are undeniably connected. We cannot divorce them.
When you consider the structure of an organ, cell, or anything for that matter you must also consider its function!