1. Disruption of Attachment Failure to form attachment And the effects of
Institutionalization

2. Deprivation Bowlby’s Maternal deprivation Hypo.
loss of emotional care, leads to the breaking of emotional bonds
disrupting attachment – behavioural problems
44 thieves
88 part. 44 thieves. 44 control
interviews
16/44 thieves classed as affectionless psychopaths
most of these had experienced prolonged separation
Rest frequent separation
Rutters PDD model
stress rather than separation that causes the breaking of emotional bonds
main attachment need not be with the mother
Establishes ST and LT effects of deprivation
Protest – distressed(crying) re-establish link with caregiver
Despair – less hopeful, active, conserving energy
Detachment – emotionally detached, wont respond to primary caregiver (avoidant/resistant attachment)
Laura case study
stay in hospital 8 days, restricted access
time sampling technique
distressed

3. Privation Never forming early attachment Rymer – case study Genie
most of her life locked in a room, couldn’t stand, talk, malnourished
went to child hospital improved learned some language
went to foster home, interested in learning and showed more improvement
back with mother then foster home, abused leading to retardation
Chicken girl
8 yrs in a chicken coop
not toilet trained
couldn’t speak
acted like a chicken
little progress when institutionalised
Freud and Dann
jewish children(6) seperated at birth
angry and violent toward adults
formed infant-infant bonds
as adults the effects of privation were reversed and normal intelligence

4. Institutionalization
Hodges and Tizzard
Opportunity sample 65 children in care of before the age of 4 months, matched pairs design
longitudinal assessed at ages 4,8,16 assessed
some were adopted, others returned to their original parents and the rest stayed in the institution
those who remained were assessed on the emotional and social competance
interviews and Q.
Those adopted formed secure attachments : those not adopted
Both sets were attention seeking
Spitz
very poor orphanages
children suffered from anaclitic depression and little attention
Goldfarb
early institutionalisation has a –ve effects on development and is not overcome
15 orphans matched pairs design, longitudinal 3,6,9,12
2 groups. 1st adopted before 9 months. 2nd in orphanages for 3 yrs before being adopted
2nd had low intelligence, behavioural problems and emotionally distant
Earlier they were adopted the effects lessened