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Croatia a land of thousand islands
An overview of its history, culture and natural beauty By Zdeslav Hrepic Kansas State University
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OVERVIEW General facts and Geography What we are proud of…
History and Language Art and Architecture World heritage in Croatia (UNESCO’s list) Landscape Music and Dances
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CROATIA IS between Central Europe and the Mediterranean
On the cross roads between Central Europe and the Mediterranean
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GENERAL FACTS Official name: REPUBLIC OF CROATIA Official language:
CROATIAN Alphabet: LATIN
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4,437,460 (2001. Census) POPULATION Ethnic composition:
89,63% Croats 4,54% Serbs 0,47% Bosnians 0,44% Italians 0,37 Hungarians 6,55% others Religions: 87,83% Roman Catholic 1,28% Islam 0,91% Orthodox 0,43% Protestant 3, 9% Atheists 2.99% Agnostics 2, 2% Atheists
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CAPITAL - ZAGREB Old town and Cathedral Church of St. Mark
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COAT OF ARMS AND FLAG today ~ 7 ct. ~ 16 ct.
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ECONOMY - TOURISM
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ECONOMY - SHIPBUILDING
Made in Split, Croatia In the second half of the 1980-ties the Croatian shipbuilding industry was at the third place in the world, (after Japan and South Korea).
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ECONOMY - AGRICULTURE SOUTH CROATIA
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ECONOMY - AGRICULTURE NORTH CROATIA
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RELIEF
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ARCHIPELAGO 1,185 islands and rocks 66 inhabited
One of 10 nations in the world with more than 1000 islands Total Coastline length 5,835 km (Islands 70% - Mainland 30 %)
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CROATIAN ARCHIPELAGO According to American journal "Cruising World", together with the Caribbean, among the best sailing areas in the world.
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BEACHES
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BEACHES
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LIGHTHOUSES 66 big stone lighthouses from 19 ct.
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FALKUSA Croatian fisherman boat (18 ct.)
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WHAT WE ARE PROUD OF…
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SPORT - GORAN IVANISEVIC
WIMBLEDON CHAMPION 2001 ..and welcome in his hometown - Split Winner
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NBA PLAYERS FROM CROATIA
Basketball team from Split - several times European champions. Toni Kukoc Radja vs. Rodman Zan Tabak Drazen Petrovic
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C R O A T I A The Third Best Team in the World
NATIONAL SOCCER TEAM C R O A T I A The Third Best Team in the World Davor Suker won the Golden Boot for scoring the most Goals (France 1998) Note: Croatia has less people than Brazil or Germany has registered soccer players and is a bit smaller in size than West Virginia!
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DALMATIAN DOG–NATIVE CROATIAN
Dalmatia - the coastal part of Croatia We know about organized breeding of this dog in the Djakovo bishopric already in the 14th century! The name was given in the USA in the 19th century, previously also known as the Dubrovnik hunter. Recognized as Croatian autochthonous breed in 1994 (FCI-153). We know about organized breeding of this dog in Croatia already in the 14th century! (the Djakovo bishopric) Can be taught as watchdog and hunter. Recognized as Croatian autochthonous breed (FCI-153) Croatian Mascot Olympic games Sydney
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CROATIA - HOMELAND OF CRAVATS
Every day worn by the 600 million men around the world. French - la Cravate German- die Krawatte English – Cravat Italian - Cravatta Spanish - Corbata Portuguese - Gravata Irish - Carabhat Swedish - Kravatt Finnish - Kravatti Flemish - Krawaat Polish - Krawat Ukrainian - Kravatka Hungarian – Kravat Croatian - Kravata
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CROATIA HOMELAND OF CRAVATS
A tradition introduced by Croatian soldiers who wore a small neckerchief of silk or cloth, tied in a knot around their necks. Accepted in Europe during when two regiments of Croatian soldiers were serving Luis XIV. After “la Cravate” become popular at French court, fashion spread fast further. Many events in the history of mankind eventually fade into oblivion, but others, leave their indelible marks for the entire world to see. More than 350 years ago, the Croats initiated one such influential occurrence. Although started in the 17th century in a small region on the Adriatic coast, the consequences of this event are still very much evident the world over. 600 million people now wear the ubiquitous symbol of Croatia around their necks, close to their hearts. Did you know that Croatia is the mother country of the necktie? In his book, La Grande Histoire de la Cravate (Flamarion, Paris, 1994), François Chaille tells us about the appearance of this article of clothing and how it became fashionable. "… Around the year 1635, some six thousand soldiers and knights came to Paris to give their support to King Louis XlV and Cardinal Richelieu. Among them were a great number of Croatian mercenaries led by a ban, or Croatian viceroy. The traditional outfit of these Croats aroused interest on account of the unusual and picturesque scarves distinctively tied about their necks. The scarves were made of various cloths, ranging from coarse material for common soldiers, to fine cotton and silk for officers. This elegant "Croatian style" immediately enamoured the French, who were delighted by the new article of clothing, which had been previously unknown in Europe. For the gallant French officers in the thirty-year war, the advantage of the Croatian neck scarf was its enviable practicality. In contrast to the lace collar that had to be kept white and carefully starched, the scarf was simply and loosely tied around the neck without need for any additional care. Just as elegant as the stiff, high collars, the new scarves were less awkward, easier to wear and remained visible beneath the soldiers’ thick, long hair. Around the year 1650, during the reign of Louis XIV, the Croatian scarf was accepted in France, above all in court, where military ornaments were much admired. The fashionable expression, ’a la croate’, soon evolved into a new French word, which still exists today: la cravate. This innovation symbolized the height of culture and elegance. On his return to England from exile, Charles II brought with him this new word in fashion. Over the next ten years, this fashion novelty spread across Europe, as well as across the colonies on the American continent..." Since that time in the 17th century, derivatives of the word croata have been present in many languages, (i.e., English, German, French, Portuguese, Italian), meaning cravat or tie. It follows then that Croatia is the mother country of the necktie, as France is the mother country of high fashion, Brazil of coffee, Switzerland of cheese and watches, Portugal of port… How much do you know about the Croatian orign of the tie? The tie (cravat) is a Croatian contribution to the the general development of clothing and fashion. The etymology of the word cravat indicates its Croatian origin. In the mid-17th century the French introduced the word cravate into their language, to describe a piece of cloth worn round the neck. It was, probably, derived from the word Krawatte from a German dialect (the German literary standard language word was Kroate - Croat). The Oxford dictionary of Modern English Language has several different entries for the word cravat: crabbat, crabat, cravett, crevet. The word soon was introduced into other languages; the Italian variant was croatta or cravatta, the Spanish variant was known as corbata and the Flemish as krawaat. One of the popular background explanations to why cravat got its name after the Croats, is as follows: In the 17th century, during the Thirty Years' War ( ) in which France and Sweden had united forces against the German Empire, Croatian soldiers served as mercenaries in the light cavalries of both armies. They first gained a reputation of being exceptionally courageous and well trained within the German ranks. After the victories they won over the French troops, Cardinal Richelieu himself insisted on including Croatian mercenaries in the Franch army. In 1633 the first French troop made up of Croatian cavalry was formed. One of the 24 cavalry regiments formed in France in 1643, was the Croatian regiment "Royal-Cravattes". It was an elitist regiment which fought many battles for the kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV. Its soldiers differed from other French troops in their warring strategies, arms and uniforms. A particular detail of their uniform was a kerchief knotted round the neck. Not only did the French soldiers adopt the fashion of wearing the neck kerchief, but it soon grew very popular among the civilians too. Even the French ladies members of the French court and the French nobility, wore cravats, and in the years to come, they could be seen knotted round the necks of gentlemen in other European and overseas countries. In the course of time the cravat has appeared in a variety of shapes, colours and materials, ranging from the simple knotted kerchive to more sophisticated, sometimes uncomfortable, stiff, high collars. In the l9th and 20th centuries the bow tie grew very popular. The modern tie is a narrow, long piece of silk or woolen fabric worn under a shirt collar and tied in a knot at the front. There are many varieties of patterns and colours designed to match the gentlemen's suits. Tiepins can be used to fasten the ties to the shirt. A tie could be a sign of affiliation - membership to an artistic elitist group (the style a la Byron or Baudelaire), or belonging to the middle class, to the class of farmers and even revolutionaries (thus, the common feature of the 1789 Franch revolutionaries was a black kerchief tied around their necks). Source: The Croatian Post and Telecommunications, 1995
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OLDEST UNIVERSITIES ZADAR 1396 and ZAGREB 1669 ZADAR 1396 ZAGREB 1669
Bologna 1219 Padova 1220 Paris 1220 Oxford 1249 Lisabon 1290 Rome 1303 Cambridge 1318 Florence 1321 Praha 1348 Krakow 1364 Vienna 1365 Heidelberg 1385 ZADAR 1396 Rostock 1419 Glasgow 1453 Copenhagen 1479 Mainz 1494 Edinburgh 1582 Dublin 1591 Lwow 1661 ZAGREB 1669 Göttingen 1736 Erlangen 1743, Moscow 1775 Berlin 1809 Saint Petersburg 1819 London 1825 Helsinki 1826 Kiev 1834 Athens 1834 Tokyo 1881 Constantinople 1900 …
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INVENTORS - PARASHUTE Faust Vrancic ( ) from Sibenik invented and constructed a parashute and also performed a first jumps in order to test it. Wrote famous book on mechanics Machinae novae (61 constructions, Venice, 1595) - soon translated from Latin into Italian, Spanish, French and German A sketch of his well known Homo volans (parachutist) appearing in Machinae novae - often wrongly attributed to Leonardo da Vinci.
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INVENTORS - PEN Slavoljub Eduard Penkala ( ) from Zagreb invented a mechanical ball pen which is bearing his name and now it is in everyday use.
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The Inventor Who Changed the World
NIKOLA TESLA ( ) The Inventor Who Changed the World Born in Croatia (at that time within Austro-Hungary) The father of alternating current technology, production and transmission of electrical energy as we know it today. Great contribution in high frequency technology and wireless communications More than 700 patents (manuscripts still top secret of US ministry of defense) Refused to receive the Nobel prize which he had to share with T.A. Edison. The unit for magnetic induction named after him
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NIKOLA TESLA When his mother died, in 1892, he paid a visit to Zagreb, Croatian capital, where he gave a lecture about alternating current. On that occasion he said: “As a son of my homeland I feel it is my duty to help the city of Zagreb in every respect with my advice and work” and suggested to build alternating current power plant. “I am equally proud of my Croatian motherland and Serbian descent”. N. Tesla Tesla’s monument, carved by Croatian sculptor Frano Krsinic, near Tesla's hydro power plant on Niagara Falls.
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TWO CROATIAN SCIENTISTS
ON THE MAP OF THE MOON Rudjer Boskovic ( ), name of the mountain on the visible side. (forerunner of modern physics for two centuries – theory of atomic forces) Andrija Mohorovicic ( ) name of the mountain on the dark side (discovered discontinuity in Earth crust named after him - Moho-layer or Moho-discontinuity.
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CROATS – NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS
Lavoslav Ruzicka, of a Croat/Czech origin. Born in Vukovar, Croatia. Studied in Zagreb. For discoveries in organic chemistry 1939. Ivo Andric, A Croat born in Dolac, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Studied in Zagreb. For literature, 1961. Vladimir Prelog, a Croat born in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Studied in Zagreb. For discoveries in organic chemistry, 1975.
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FIRST PUBLIC THEATER IN EUROPE
ON ISLAND HVAR In 1612 a theatre was built on the first floor of an existing building (from 13th century).
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FIRST PUBLIC THEATER IN EUROPE
Built by the efforts and contributions of all the members of the community, regardless of class.
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OPERA Three Slavic nations who have national operas:
Russians: (M. I. Glinka in 1836, 1842), Croats: Vatroslav Lisinski composed the first Croatian national opera "Ljubav i zloba" ("Love and malice") in 1846. Czechs: (B. Smetana in 1862), The most famous Croatian opera: Ero s onoga svijeta, by Jakov Gotovac ( ) It has been translated into 9 languages and performed in about 80 countries.
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LEGACY – THE VINODOL CODE
One of the earliest and most important Croatian legal documents is The Vinodol Code, very different from the Roman law, written in the Glagolitic alphabet in 1288. considered to be one of the most important documents of medieval Europe. Among the Slav Codes only the Rus Code “Pravda” is slightly older (1282). It was unique in Europe by determining protection and integrity of women. Introduces the institution of witnesses.
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PEARL OF CROATIAN CULTURE
CITY OF DUBROVNIK PEARL OF CROATIAN CULTURE the first European pharmacy that has been working continuously till these days was opened there in in Franciscan monastery. The first hospital (Domus Christi) in Dubrovnik was opened in 1347.
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CITY OF DUBROVNIK In 1296 Dubrovnik had a sewer system.
In 1377 Dubrovnik had the first quarantene in Europe. An organized production of soap started in 1417. The first orphanage was founded in 1432.
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CITY OF DUBROVNIK Dubrovnik have the oldest arboretum in Europe - Trsteno, founded in 1498, with many rare plants.
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CITY OF DUBROVNIK Upon arrival in 7th ct., Croatians founded the city on remainings of Roman settlement Ragusa. The city walls were built between the 8th and 16th centuries. After Croatia joined in union with Hungary (1102) the Republic of Dubrovnik left the only really free part of Croatia and kept it’s freedom until Napoleon.
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CITY OF DUBROVNIK Ivan Gundulic ( ) from Dubrovnik, one of the greatest Croatian poets wrote in Croatian language the well known patriotic verses devoted to Liberty: Oh beautiful, oh dear, oh sweet liberty, the gift that Almighty God gave us… Neither all the silver and gold, nor all the human lives can be payment to your pure beauty! Flag of the Republic of Dubrovnik: The word LIBERTAS (Liberty)
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CITY OF DUBROVNIK One of 8 books of Dubrovnik statute from 1272 contains exclusively regulations concerning Maritime Law, which is the oldest such document in the world. Slave trade in the Republic of Dubrovnik was forbidden in 1418 (in the British Empire in 1833). Dubrovnik's 1395 Insurance Law is the oldest in Europe. It had all aspects of contemporary maritime insurance. This law is three centuries older than Lloyd's insurance, London, which dates from the end of 17th century.
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CITY OF DUBROVNIK "Dubrovnik Nava" 16 ct. Republic of Dubrovnik built big fleet of sailing ships. In 16th century, years of biggest prosperity of Republic of Dubrovnik, their mercantile marine had ships. Besides that, Dubrovnik had big armament navy.
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HISTORY - ORIGINS The earliest mention of the Croatian name
as Horovathos (Horvat = Croat) on two stone inscriptions in Greek language, from around the 200 A.D., found by the Black Sea (more precisely in the seaport Tanais on the Azov sea, Krim). "Horoathos archon Tanaiton" (= Croat Mayor of Tanais) and "Synodos Horouathon“ (=Convention of Croats). Both tablets are held in the archeological museum in St Petersburg, Russia.
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INVITATION BY EMPEROR HERACLIUS
Emperor Heraclius invites the Croats to settle in the Roman provinces of Pannonia and Dalmatia (as unable to defend the regions from the Avars) This invitation was issued between 610 A.D. and 641 A.D., perhaps during the siege of Byzantium in 626. The migration was mostly complete by 678 when the Croatians sent a delegation to the Court of Constantinople. Rome established contact with the Croatians at the same time and converted the tribes to Christianity through a treaty with Pope Agatho in 680, making Croatia one of the world's oldest Christian nations.
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800 A.D. A loose confederation of duchies ruled by Bans (Viceroys), began to take the shape of a unified state between 800 and 925.
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UPON ARIVAL IN TODAYS HOMELAND
The earliest known Croatian duke was Borna, who ruled from around 812 to 821. Duke Trpimir ruled from 845 to 864. In 852 he issued the oldest known governmental document in the Latin script, where the Croatian name was mentioned (dux Chroatorum) In a letter from Pope John VIII to Prince Branimir, dated June 7th of 879 A.D., Croatia is mentioned as an independent, sovereign nation. Figure of a Croatian Dignitary” (11th century) from Biskupija near Knin
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Tomislav - first Croatian King (910 –928)
KING TOMISLAV Among all Slavic nations Croatians first had kingdom (925 AD Duvno) The Emperor of Byzantium, Constantine Porphyrognet ( ) recorded (about 950.) that during King Tomislav's reign Croatia could raise overnight 100,000 armed soldiers and 60,000 horsemen Tomislav - first Croatian King (910 –928)
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10 c. NAVAL POWER Sagina 10 –11 ct.
In same document he also recorded the information about the naval power of Croatians numbering: Sagina 10 –11 ct. 80 saginas (oared ships) with 40 fighters in addition to the crew and 100 konduras (oared ships smaller than saginas) with 10 to 20 fighters in addition to the crew. This was a force of about marine 5000 fighters, very respectable for that period.
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1000 A.D.
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LANGUAGE AND SCRIPT Two national Scripts:
Croatian Glagolitic older than a thousand years. The Our glagolitic books (written and printed) and other glagolitic monuments are scattered in many national libraries and museums in the world, in as many as 21 countries, in about 50 cities outside Croatia: and Croatian Cyrilic. The Croats, using the Glagolitic alphabet, were the only nation in Europe who was given a special permission by Pope (Innocent IV in 1248) to use their own language and this script in Liturgy.
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CROATIAN GLAGOLITIC SCRIPT
Angular and Round font Missal from Vrbnik (15 st)
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precious stone of Croatian literacy
THE BASKA TABLET precious stone of Croatian literacy An inscription written in the Croatian Glagolitic alphabet is a stone tablet - dating from the end of 11th century Found near the town of Baska on the island of Krk. It contains about 400 Glagolitic characters (dimensions of the tablet: 2x1 sq.m, 800 kg).
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KING ZVONIMIR Of particular interest is the third line of the Baska tablet, which mentions the Croatian King Zvonimir. Z'V'NIM(I)R‘ KRAL‘ HR'VAT'SK'[I]
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FIRST BOOKS PRINTED IN CROATIAN
In Glagolitic Script: 1483 “Missal” (440 pp, 19x26 cm) years after Gutenberg's Bible 6 years after the first printed book in Paris and Venice 1 year before Stockholm, 58 years before Berlin and 70 years before Moscow The Croatian Glagolitic Script was the fifth to appear in the history of European printing, very soon after the Latin, Gothic, Greek and Hebrew scripts In the Latin Script: 1495 “Lectionary of Bernardin of Split”, (published in Venice).
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MAIN HISTORICAL PERIODS
The arrival of the Croats to the Roman provincies Dalmatia and Pannonia – the Beginning of the 7th century The period of Croatian dukes and kings of native birth (~ ), Croatia sharing with Hungary a new state under common Hungarian and Croatian kings ( ), Croatia ruled by the Habsburgs, as a member of the Habsburg crown ( ), parts of Croatia under Venice, Turkish ottoman empire and France, Croatia – part of kingdom of Yugoslavia and later republic within communist Yugoslavia ruled by Croatian Josip Broz Tito ( ), Internationally recognized Republic of Croatia (January 1992).
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ART - ANCIENT CULTURES Remains from locality of Pećani near Sibenik
The Copper Age - Vucedol culture near Vukovar, Croatia (2500 BC)
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ANCIENT GREECE HERITAGE
Issa (Vis) –Afrodita’s bronze head with silver eyes Tragurion (Trogir) - Cairos Pottery and floor Issa (Vis)
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ROMAN HERITAGE – ARENA IN PULA
built in the 1st century AD during the reign of the Emperor Vespasian, at the same time as the Colosseum in Rome the Amphitheatre could seat spectators. In the Middle Ages it was the site of knight tournaments and fairs.
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DIOCLETIAN PALACE IN SPLIT
ROMAN HERITAGE DIOCLETIAN PALACE IN SPLIT Diocletians Aquaduct Still in use after 1700 years Peristyle – main square
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CROATIAN ART – BEGININGS
Represented by a rich ornamentation in interlace pattern An important monument with the interlace pattern which contains the name of Duke Branimir (9th century)
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CROATIAN PRE-ROMANESQUE ART
baptismal font of Duke Viseslav from Nin (around 800 AD), with a interlace cross.
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PRE-ROMANESQUE ART 9-11c Choir screen panel from Split, containing pentagram and interlace patterns, 11th century. A ciboria from Biskupija (11th century) in Split Museum
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9 ct. CHURCH ARHITECTURE About 150 Pre-Romanesque Croatian churches (9th to 11th century), built mostly along the coast. About 15 of them are still well preserved (some were completely destroyed during the aggression on Croatia in ). Chapel of Holy Cross in Nin built around 800 AD a typical Pre-Romanesque church in Dalmatia
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9 ct. CHURCH ARHITECTURE Church of St. Donatus (9th century), in Zadar
the largest Pre-Romanesque building in Croatia one of the most important monuments of the Pre-Romanesque architecture in Europe one of the most impressive churches of the Carolingian centralized type in Europe
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11 ct. CHURCH ARHITECTURE Church of St. Nicholas near Nin (11th century); the octagonal tower was added in the 16th century to protect from the Turks St. Nicolas (11th century) - Split
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12-13ct. ROMANESQUE CHURCH ARHITECTURE Stomorica – remains of church
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12-13ct. ROMANESQUE CHURCH ARHITECTURE
St. Anastasia [Sveta Stosija] Cathedral in Zadar St. Krsevan in Zadar
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15-16 ct. RENAISSANCE CHURCH ARHITECTURE
St. Jakob -Sibenik – cathedral 15 c. Hvar – cathedral 15/16 c.
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SCULPTRY – IVAN MESTROVIC
INDIAN WITH BOW 1926 GRANT PARK CHICAGO, USA CROATIAN HISTORY 1932 SPLIT, CROATIA
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Ivan Rabuzin “FULLNESS OF THE EARTH” Ivan Lackovic Croata “WINTER”
CROATIAN NAIVE ART Today quite widespread and highly esteemed. First introduced by Croatian painter Krsto Hegedusic ( ). Ivan Rabuzin “FULLNESS OF THE EARTH” Ivan Lackovic Croata “WINTER”
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Ivica Fister “OUR ETERNAL LIGHT”
CROATIAN NAIVE ART Ivan Rabuzin “DAWN” Ivica Fister “OUR ETERNAL LIGHT”
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LACE – ISLAND PAG
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LACE - LEPOGLAVA Another lace, from island Hvar, is unique as made of threads of Aloe Vera leaf quickly while thread is still wet and flexible
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CROATIA IN UN Vineyards near Primosten – an glory to human labor
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CROATIA IN UN This photo of a victim of the fascist terror is exhibited in the building of UN in New York. Shows Stjepan Filipovic ( ), a Croatian antifascist born in Opuzen, in Dalmatian part of Croatia, in the moment before he was hanged in publicly in the city of Valjevo in Serbia by Serbian chetniks and German fascists.
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SCULPTURY - CROATIA IN UN
The Horsewoman (the Monument of Peace) one of the symbols of the United Nations A sculpture was created by Croatian sculptor Antun Augustincic ( ). It is situated in front of the UN main building in New York. The basement of the monument is made of the marble from the Croatian island of Brac (White house also built of it).
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DIOCLETIAN PALACE IN SPLIT
UN - WORLD HERITAGE DIOCLETIAN PALACE IN SPLIT Peristyle - the center of the Diocletian's Palace
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DIOCLETIAN PALACE IN SPLIT
UN - WORLD HERITAGE DIOCLETIAN PALACE IN SPLIT GAIUS AURELIUS VALERIUS DIOCLETANIUS (c ) - born near the Salona, then capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia. He was pronounced emperor on November 20, 284 AD.
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CATHEDRAL IN SPLIT THE OLDEST IN THE WORLD
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UN - WORLD HERITAGE OLD CITY OF DUBROVNIK Bernard Shaw:
Those who seek paradise on Earth should come to Dubrovnik and see Dubrovnik.
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UN - WORLD HERITAGE OLD CITY OF DUBROVNIK City walls 8-16 ct.
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NATIONAL PARK PLITVICE LAKES
UN - WORLD HERITAGE NATIONAL PARK PLITVICE LAKES The living process of formation and growth of travertine cascade barriers
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NATIONAL PARK PLITVICE LAKES
UN - WORLD HERITAGE NATIONAL PARK PLITVICE LAKES The brown bear - the largest mammal in this part of the world
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ROMANESQUE TOWN TROGIR
UN - WORLD HERITAGE ROMANESQUE TOWN TROGIR
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ROMANESQUE TOWN TROGIR
UN - WORLD HERITAGE ROMANESQUE TOWN TROGIR Portal and choral seats of Trogir Cathedral
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BASILICA OF EUPHRASIUS IN POREC
UN - WORLD HERITAGE BASILICA OF EUPHRASIUS IN POREC Euphrasius Basilica in Porec, Istria, built in the 6th century. Very important remain of Byzantine art in Croatia
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UN - WORLD HERITAGE CATHEDRAL IN SIBENIK
Following the design of Juraj Dalmatinac (1441). East end of Cathedral
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UN - WORLD HERITAGE CATHEDRAL IN SIBENIK Baptistery
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