1. INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY

2. Objectives
To provide an exciting and challenging introduction to sociology by picking up material from everyday life. The students will be introduced to basic concepts of sociology;
To learning to think sociologically i.e. cultivating sociological imagination. Interpreting the dynamics of varying human behavior dispassionately in a wider context; and
To the applicability of sociological insights to behavior of people operating in different work situations.

3. Methodology There will be 45 lectures each of 50 minutes duration.
The lectures will be delivered in mixture of English and Urdu.
The lectures will be supported by slides presentation where necessary.

4. THE ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY
Lecture#01

5. Sociology is the scientific study of human social life, groups, and societies.
Definition

6. No sociology as a distinct discipline before the advent of 19th century.

7. Three factors led to the development of sociology
The first was the industrial revolution.
The second factor that stimulated the development of sociology was imperialism.
The third impetus for the development of sociology was the success of the natural sciences.

8. The First Factor Masses of people migrated to cities in search of
By the mid 19th century Europe was changing from agriculture to factory production. Emergence of new occupations as well as new avenues of employment away from the land.
Masses of people migrated to cities in search of
jobs. Pull and push factors .
People in these industrial cities developed new
ideas about democracy and political rights.

9. Second Factor
Europeans successfully conquered many parts of the world. They were exposed to radically different cultures. Startled by these contrasting ways of life, they began to ask why cultures differed.

10. Third Factor
People moved to question fundamental aspects of their social world. They started using the scientific method (systematic observation, objectivity) to the study of human behavior.

11. Auguste Comte
The idea of applying the scientific method to the social world, known as positivism, was apparently first proposed by Auguste Comte ( )

12. Comte became interested in the two interrelated issues: social order (social static) and social change (social dynamics).

13. Comte concluded:
What holds the society together (Why is there in a social order)? What causes it to change? • The right way to answer such questions was to apply the scientific method to social life. • There must be laws that underlie the society. • Discover these principles by applying scientific method to social world. • Apply these principles for social reform.

14. Science of Sociology
This will be a new science and Comte named it as Sociology (1838) – the study of society. Comte is credited with being the founder of sociology.

15. Herbert Spenser (1820-1903) Englishman.
Other early pioneer names: 
Karl Marx ( )
 German.
Emile Durkheim ( )
 French
Max Weber ( )
 German.

16. The Fields of Sociology
Big diversity in fields of interest. • Biosociology • Collective Behaviour/Social Movements • Community • Comparative Sociology//Macrosociology • Criminal Justice • Criminology/Delinquency • Cultural Sociology • Demography • Development/Modernization • Deviant Behaviour/Social Disorganization

17. Economy and Society
Education
• Environmental Sociology
• Ethnomethodology
• History of Sociology/ Social Thought
• Human Ecology
• Industrial Sociology
• International development/Third World
• Law and Society
• Leisure/Sports/Recreation
• Marriage and the Family

18. Mass Communication/Public Opinion
Mathematical sociology
Medical Sociology
Methodology: Qualitative Approaches
Methodology: Quantitative Approaches
Micro computing/Computer Applications
Military Sociology

19. Occupations/Professions
Penology/Corrections
Political Sociology
Race/Ethnic/Minority Relations
Religion
Rural Sociology
Small Groups
Social Change
Social Control
Social Networks
Social Organizations/formal/complex

20. Social Psychology
Socialization
Sociological Practice/Social Policy
Sociology of Aging/Social Gerontology
Sociology of Art/Literature
Sociology of Knowledge
Sociology of Language/Social Linguistics
Sociology of Markets
Sociology of Mental Health
Sociology of Science
Sociology of Sex and Gender

21. Sociology of World Conflict Stratification/Mobility Theory
Sociology of Work
Sociology of World Conflict
Stratification/Mobility
Theory
Urban Sociology
Visual Sociology
Source: American Sociological association Guide to Graduate departments, 1992 :