1. Muhammad Ibrahim

2. Types of Qualitative Research

3. Data collection Instruments
Observation
Interview
Questionnaire
Documents review

4. Ethnography Narrative Phenomenological Grounded Theory Case Study
Types of Research
Ethnography
Narrative
Phenomenological
Grounded Theory
Case Study

5. Ethnography
Ethnographic research is probably the most popular and applicable type of qualitative research. In ethnography, you engage yourself in the target participants' environment to understand the Behavior, cultures, challenges, motivations, and themes that occur. Ethnography has its roots in cultural anthropology where researchers engage themselves within a culture, often for years! Rather than relying on interviews or surveys, you experience the environment first hand, and sometimes as a "participant observer.“
Marriage institution of any culture.

6. Purpose : to describe a culture's characteristics
Outcome: description of culture

7. Narrative/Historical
The narrative approach weaves together a sequence of events, usually from just one or two individuals to form a cohesive story. You conduct in-depth interviews, read documents, and look for themes; in other words, how does an individual story illustrate the larger life influences that created it. Often interviews are conducted over weeks, months, or even years, but the final narrative doesn't need to be in chronological order. Rather it can be presented as a story (or narrative) with themes, and can reconcile conflicting stories and highlight tensions and challenges which can be opportunities for innovation.

8. Purpose : describe and examine events of the past to understand the present and anticipate potential future effects
Outcomes : select means of presentation - biography, chronology, issue paper

9. Phenomenological
When you want to describe an event, activity, or phenomenon, the properly named phenomenological study is an appropriate qualitative method. In a phenomenological study, you use a combination of methods, such as conducting interviews, reading documents, watching videos, or visiting places and events, to understand the meaning participants place on whatever's being examined. You rely on the participants' own perspectives to provide insight into their motivations.

10. Purpose : to describe experiences as people are lived e
Purpose : to describe experiences as people are lived e.g examines uniqueness of individual's lived situations
Outcomes:
Findings described from subject's point-of-view
Researcher identifies themes
Structural explanation of findings is developed

11. Grounded Theory
Whereas a phenomenological study looks to describe the essence of an activity or event, grounded theory looks to provide an explanation or theory behind the events. You use primarily interviews and existing documents to build a theory based on the data.

12. Purpose: theory development
Outcome: theory supported by examples from data

13. Case Study
Case study involves an in-depth examination of a single person or single individual or single institution / organization. The goal of case study is to provide an accurate and complete description of the case, the principal benefit of case-study is that it-can expand our knowledge about the human behavior or attitude. It is also useful when the case is too-complex and need special attention. Case study often include in-depth interviews with participant, review of his/her previous record, observation. It provides an opportunity for the intensive analysis of many specific details, which are often over looked by other methods. A case study involves a deep understanding through multiple types of data sources. Case studies can be explanatory, exploratory, or describing an event.

14. Purpose : describe in-depth the experience of one person, family, group, community, or institution
Outcomes : in-depth description of the experience

15. Method
Focus
Sample size
Data collection
Ethnography
Context or culture
Observation & interviews
Narrative
Individual experience & sequence
1 to 2
Stories from individuals & documents
Phenomenological
People who have experienced a phenomenon
5 to 25
Interviews
Grounded Theory
Develop a theory from grounded in field data
20 to 60
Interviews, then open and axial coding
Case Study
Organization, entity, individual, or event 
Interviews, documents, reports, observations