1. Successful Sixth Form Study
A Guide to Research & Referencing
LRC – 2014

2. Information Literacy
“Information literacy is knowing when and why you need information, where to find it and how to evaluate, use and communicate it in an ethical manner.”
CILIP (Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals)

3. QUICK Steps to Success
QUESTIONS you need to ask (What do I already know, what do I need to find out, big and little questions, research grids)
UNDERSTAND what you need to do (planning, time management, how will my work be assessed, how will I present my findings ?)
IDENTIFY and evaluate sources (locate and evaluate resources, bias & opinion)
CHOOSE and organise key information (extracting relevant information, taking notes, synthesis)
KNOW what you’ve done (reflect and review, communicate, bibliography)

4. Effective Searching Plan before your search – what do you need to
know?
Web addresses – limit your searches:
uk – uk websites only;
sch – school websites often very helpful;
ac – academic institutions – no advertising in these two!
gov – government websites are reliable;
org – organisations usually reliable but check!
i.e. Uk only, schools etc. ie. Greenhouse effect site: org
Use Google Advanced search or Google Scholar
Use online subscription resources – verified and relevant

5. LVS Resources OLIVER catalogue (Start, Favourites) From Netvibes page:
Newspapers for Schools
Issues
Facts & Statistics (Complete Issues)
Credo Reference
Philip Allan magazines
Subject specific resources

6. How can I make sure of my source?
Use more than one source
Who wrote it and when ? When was it updated (websites) ?
What is the purpose of the web page ?
Where does the information come from ?
Can it be confirmed ?
CARS! Credible Accurate Reliable Supported

7. I’ve found a reliable source – why shouldn’t I copy (cut & paste) from it?
Focus on retrieval of information rather than actual content
Reduces your ability to summarise and synthesize
No independent learning – often don’t understand or absorb information
Plagiarism – it is someone else’s
work!

8. Definitions of Plagiarism
Oxford English Dictionary:
“to take and use as one’s own the thoughts, writings or inventions of another”.
Merriam-Webster online dictionary :
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own
to use (another’s production) without crediting the source
to commit literary theft
to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source

9. All these are plagiarism:
turning in someone else’s work as your own
copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit
copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not

10. Acknowledge your sources: Citation & Referencing
You should cite your source -
Whenever you use quotes
Whenever you paraphrase
Whenever you use an idea that someone else has already expressed
Whenever you make specific reference to the work of another
Whenever someone else’s work has been critical in developing your own ideas

11. Is there a difference ?
Citation - showing a particular word or phrase in context. Making reference to an authority, particularly in the text. Reference – material contained in a footnote or bibliography referring back to a quote or passage in your text.

12. Citations in the text
In-text citations usually list either the name of the publication or the author of the work. Here are two examples:
From a book: Bellow writes, "Knowledge divorced from life equals sickness" (More Die of Heartbreak, p. 7).
Or from a website: The latest study of health professionals ( 2009) reveals that ....
If you cite in the text you need to put the full details of the resource in your Bibliography

13. References as footnotes
Some subjects require footnotes; this example is a periodical – for full details of how to reference other sources, see following slides
Commenting on the history of climate change, Kennedy notes, "We have known since the early 1900s that global temperatures between 90,000 and 10,000 years ago underwent sudden dramatic shifts."12
At the end of the quotation, you need to include a footnote:
12 Don Kennedy, "New Climate News," Science, volume 290 (November 10, 2000), (this is a periodical)
Microsoft Word can do this for you – see References tab at the top of the page. On that tab, you will see a button called “Insert Footnote” – when your cursor is directly after the citation, click this button and word will insert the number at the end of your quote and take you to the bottom of the page to type your footnote.

14. Bibliographies
You must list your sources in a Bibliography even if you have cited or referenced them in the body of the work

15. Referencing & Bibliographies Books
Author/editor
(Year of publication)
Title
Edition (if not the first)
Place of publication: publisher
Series and volume number where relevant
Beauchamp, Tom L. (ed) (1999) An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding New York: Oxford University Press
References using Harvard system – best guide to this is Palgrave’s “Cite them Right” – in the LRC

16. Referencing & Bibliographies Websites – individual author
Author/editor
(Year site published/last updated)
Title of internet site
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
Yau, T. (2001) Dragon project. Available at (Accessed: 14 March 2010)

17. Referencing & Bibliographies Websites – organisations
(Year site published/last updated)
Title of internet site
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)
British Red Cross (2008) Open Gardens. Available at: (Accessed: 17 June 2010)

18. Referencing & Bibliographies Newspapers/articles (print/ONLINE)
Author
(Year of publication)
‘Title of article’
Title of newspaper
(Edition) – print only
Day and month/ add ONLINE if appropriate
Page reference/AVAILABLE AT: URL
(Accessed: date) ONLINE ONLY
Old, D. (2008) ‘House price gloom’ Evening Chronicle (Newcastle edn), 26 June p.25/Online,
(ONLINE VERSIONS ONLY – Available at: (Accessed: 27 June 2010)

19. Referencing & Bibliographies Journals i.e.Fact File (print/ONLINE)
Author
(Year of publication)
‘Title of article’
Title of journal (Fact File)
Volume, issue, page number
ONLINE only
Name of collection (Complete Issues) [online]
Available at: url of collection -
(Accessed: date)

20. Referencing & Bibliographies Online Journals i.e.Media Magazine
Author
(Year of publication)
‘Title of article’
Title of journal (Media Magazine)
Volume, issue, page number
Name of collection (emagazine) [online]
Available at: url of collection -
(Accessed: date)

21. Please ask at the LRC for further help or individual tutorials This presentation and lots of other useful guides and templates can be found in LVSpace School/LRC