1. Chapter 9 Nationalism and Sectionalism

2. Chapter 9 Nationalism and Sectionalism, 1815-1828

3. The American System
During the first half of the 19th Century the debate between those promoting states' rights or regional interests and those promoting nationalism and the growth of the United States as an international power centered on an array of issues focused on the economy. Henry Clay from Kentucky, who became one of the most powerful Congressmen in history, both in the House of Representatives, as Speaker of the House, and also as a Senator, he promoted what was called the American System. And the American System, in his view, was designed to create a powerful international economy comparable to that of Great Britain, and to do so the American System focused on three issues. It promoted a national bank, so as to create a national currency and a national economy. It also promoted a tariff designed to tax imported goods from Europe and allow the young American industrial sector to succeed against foreign competition. And then the third aspect of the American System, the third leg of the stool, was the promotion of the United States Government, the Federal Government contributing to the expense of what were called internal improvements - new roads, new canals, new harbors -- all designed to improve the circulation of the national economy. So Henry Clay, a Kentuckian, a slaveholder, was the foremost proponent of the American System whereby nationalism was integrated into economic policy.

4. An Unexpected Benefit from the War of 1812
A New Nationalism
An Unexpected Benefit from the War of 1812
The Bank of the United States-
1st bank ended in 1811
A Protective Tariff
Internal Improvements
2nd bank chartered that lasted 20 years
Jefferson’s embargo had forced Americans to look inward for the production of their finished goods. This would lead to the first American Industrial Revolution and a surge of economic growth.
The charter for the first Bank of the United States ended in 1811 and was not immediately renewed. Without the financial control that the central bank represented, economic turmoil ensued. To stabilize the economy, a second bank was chartered, which would last for twenty years.
To protect the fledgling American industrial sector from competing British imports, the Tariff of 1816 was enacted. The North, where most of the manufacturing base was located, was for it, and the South was against it. The agrarian economy of the South still depended on shipping goods abroad to agents, who in turn sold them, then purchased items requested by the owners and shipped them back. Southerners were upset because they were forced to pay this tax.
The War of 1812 had highlighted several shortcomings of the United States. One of these was the need for better transportation systems.

5. Deck Life on the Paragon (1811–1812)
The Paragon, “a whole floating town,” was the third steamboat operated on the Hudson River by Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston.

6. John Marshall, Chief Justice Protecting Contract Rights
Judicial Nationalism
John Marshall, Chief Justice
Extended power of the Court
Protecting Contract Rights
Dartmouth v Woodward case removed the power of the state to modify contracts
Strengthening the Federal Government
McCulloch v Maryland case involved right of govt to create a bank.
Marshall ruled that clause in Article 1 Section 8 –necessary and proper.
Regulating Interstate Commerce
Gibbons v Ogden right of nation to regulate commerce over rights of states.
During his tenure on the bench as chief justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall extended the powers of the Supreme Court to provide a more nationalist role of the federal government in state affairs.
In the landmark case Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Marshall’s decision removed the power of the state to modify contracts at will.
The relationship between the state and the federal government was forever changed when Marshall delivered his ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819). The case involved the right of the national government to create a bank, which was not specifically mentioned in the Constitution as a power given to Congress. Marshall ruled that a clause in Article I, section 8, was purposefully left vague to allow Congress to create “necessary and proper” entities.
In Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) , Marshall exerted the right of the nation to regulate commerce over the right of the states.

7. John Marshall
Chief justice and pillar of judicial nationalism

8. Debates Over the American System
After the War of 1812, internal improvements, better economy and Industries change America
Call for active role of the govt in people’s lives.
Proponent Henry Clay
The internal improvements, the creation of industrial infrastructure, and the stabilizing of the American economy following the War of 1812 have been described as “The American System.” They also called for a more active role of the federal government in the lives of its citizens. The first proponent of the American System was Henry Clay.

9. “An Era of Good Feelings”
James Monroe- only Democratic Republican party remained.
“Virginia Dynasty” with Monroe following Jefferson and Madison.
He served as Sec of State and Sec of War to Madison
The Panic of ignited by collapse of cotton prices.
1st economic depression in America
Because of the demise of the Federalist party, only the Democrat-Republicans remained as a viable party. This period of one-party rule was considered an Era of Good Feelings.
Continuing the “Virginia Dynasty” of early American presidents, Monroe would follow Madison to become another citizen of Virginia to be elected to the nation’s highest office. Monroe had served as secretary of state and secretary of war to Madison.
Ignited by a collapse in cotton prices, the Panic of 1819 was the new republic’s first economic depression.

10. James Monroe
Portrayed as he entered the presidency in 1817

11. The Tallmadge amendments
New York representative James Tallmadge Jr., proposed two amendments to the statehood bill
first stipulated that slaves born in Missouri after statehood would be free at age 25
second declared that no new slaves could be brought into the state
amendments passed in the House, but fell in the Senate.

12. The Missouri Compromise
US admitted one slave and one free state into the union to maintain balance.
22 states when Missouri applies.
NW Ordinance of 1787 stated no slave state to be admitted in that territory, but nothing was stated about land from Louisiana Purchase.
Missouri admitted, but no more slave states above 36’30 parallel
Maine admitted
Following the Revolution, the United States had followed an alternating pattern of admitting states into the union, one slave state, then one free state. At the time of Missouri’s request to be admitted, there were 22 states, 11 free and 11 slave. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 had dictated that there were to be no slave states there, but no such policy existed for states to emerge from the Louisiana Purchase. Eventually the state was admitted and an agreement was reached that no more slave states would come from that area above the parallel 36⁰30' north.

13. The Missouri Compromise, 1820
What caused the sectional controversy over slavery in 1819? What were the terms of the Missouri Compromise? What was Henry Clay’s solution to the Missouri constitution’s ban on free blacks in that state?

15. Boundary Treaties, 1818–1819
What territorial terms did the Convention of 1818 settle? How did Andrew Jackson’s actions in Florida help John Quincy Adams claim the territory from Spain? What were the terms of the treaty with Spain?

16. Nationalist Diplomacy
Relations with Britain- no more wars. Relations improved through diplomacy.
Rush-Bagot treaty ends naval arms race on Great Lakes.
The Extension of Boundaries
Convention of 1818 settled northern limit of Louisiana territory at 49th parallel.
Spain controlled parts of Florida and panhandle of Miss. River.
Jackson dispatches 200 troops to dispatch Seminole tribes.
John Quincy Adams negotiates treaty with Russia to define Oregon territory and western border of Louisiana.
The Northwest
The Monroe Doctrine- statement issued stating “New World” was no longer open to colonization by Europe.
After the conclusion of the War of 1812, the United States would never fight another war with Great Britain. In fact, over time, the two nations would grow close to one another through diplomatic means. One of the first steps in this process was the Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817, which would end the naval arms race on the Great Lakes. Both sides agreed to limit the number of warships on the inland seas. The next effort was the Convention of 1818, which settled the northern limit of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel.
The United States now stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains, with only Spanish America keeping it from straddling the continent. However, Spain still controlled the territory of Florida and a narrow bit of land from its panhandle to the Mississippi River. This area was a lawless zone that bandits and Indians would use as headquarters, for pursuers from America legally could not follow.
To combat Seminoles on the Florida border, Jackson was dispatched with 2,000 troops. There, he discovered two British spies, summarily executed them, and continued to pursue the Seminoles into Florida. At the same time, secretary of state John Quincy Adams was negotiating with Spain to purchase the territory, so he used Jackson’s exploits to strengthen his hand in obtaining Florida and establishing the western border of Louisiana.
Continuing his diplomatic successes on land issues, in 1824 Adams completed a treaty with Russia that defined the Oregon Territory’s southern boundary.
During the French Revolution, Spain had ignored her Latin American colonies and they had rebelled against their motherland. By 1823, when it became apparent that Europe was willing to go to war to retake these colonies, Monroe issued a statement, known as the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the “New World” was no longer open to colonization by Europe. The United States did not have the military power to back it up; however, Great Britain, which approved of the decision, did.

17. Massacre of the Whites by Indian and Blacks in Florida (1836)
Published in a southerner’s account of the Seminole War, this is one of the earliest known depictions of African Americans and Native Americans fighting as allies.

18. Presidential Politics
Presidential Nominations-
4 candidates from same party run with no majority.
House of Rep made choice. Each state had 1 vote.
John Quincy Adams was chosen despite coming in 2nd to Jackson on electorials.
He nominates his fellow candidate Henry Clay, who was Speaker of the House to be Sec of State.
The “Corrupt Bargain”
Jackson felt a deal was made to secure Adams as president and Clay would be the heir.
In the election of 1824, with no political party to contend against, the Democrat-Republicans turned on themselves and ran four candidates for the presidency. The election resulted in no one winning an electoral majority, and the election was thrown into the House of Representatives.
Once the election was thrown into the House, each state got one vote, regardless of how their citizens voted. In the end, John Quincy Adams won the presidency, though he had lost the popular vote and had come in second to Jackson on the electoral vote. He nominated his fellow candidate in 1824, Henry Clay, who was also the Speaker of the House, to be his secretary of state. As most past presidents had served as secretary of state, Jackson perceived this as a “Corrupt Bargain” struck by the two whereby Clay would use his influence in the House to secure Adams the presidency and Clay in turn would be made heir apparent.

20. John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson
made push for internal improvements in US, but with corrupt bargain scandal the cause changed to a new party”National Republicans”
The Election of Andrew Jackson
Jackson and his people campaign at the end of 1824 election attacking Adam’s character.
Jackson wins easily in 1828.
As president, Adams supported bold internal improvements. Such a program, coupled with the unusualness of the 1824 election, resulted in the end of the Era of Good Feelings and the emergence of a new party, the National Republicans.
Almost from the moment the 1824 election ended in the decision by the House of Representatives, the 1828 election began. Jackson and his followers launched attacks on Adams’s character, to which the president’s supporters replied with equally blistering assaults. In the end, Jackson was elected to the presidency.

21. John Quincy Adams
Adams was a brilliant man but an ineffective leader.

22. The Election of 1828
How did the two presidential candidates, John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, portray each other? Why did Jackson seem to have the advantage in the election of 1828? How did the broadening of suffrage affect the presidential campaign?

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