1. Unit 08 - Overview Motivational Concepts Hunger Motivation
Sexual Motivation
Social Motivation: Affiliation Needs
Theories and Physiology of Emotion
Expressed Emotion
Stress and Health
Stress and Illness
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

3. Introduction Motivation
Motivation is a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.

4. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology
Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned
Instinct (fixed pattern)
Instincts in animals
Instincts in humans

5. Drives and Motivations
Drive-reduction theory
Need (physiological- ex. food, warmth)
Drive (an aroused state of tension)
Drive reduction (we need to satisfy the need)
It’s all about Homeostasis!!

6. Drives and Motivations
Incentive a positive or negative stimuli that pulls us to reduce our drives.
Incentives come from the outside environment.
How about ‘needs’?

7. Optimum Arousal states… Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it. Young monkeys and children are known to explore the environment in the absence of a need-based drive (a.k.a. when they don’t need to!)
Arousal at an Optimum level
Yerkes-Dodson Law

8. Yerkes-Dodson Law Figure 37-2 (p.393)

9. A Hierarchy of Motives Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Variations in the hierarchy
Deprived of water you’ll be thirsty. But if you are suddenly deprived of air, thirst takes a BACK SEAT!

10. A Hierarchy of Motives

11. Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

13. The Physiology of Hunger
Contractions of the stomach
Washburn study

14. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
Glucose
Insulin
Hypothalamus
Lateral hypothalamus
orexin
Vetromedial hypothalamus

15. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
Appetite hormones
Ghrelin
Obestatin
PYY
Leptin
Set point
Basal metabolic rate

16. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain

17. The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture
Genetic: sweet and salty
Neophobia
Adaptive taste preferences

18. The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture

19. The Psychology of Hunger Situational Influences on Eating
Do you eat more when eating with others?
Unit bias
Food variety

20. Obesity and Weight Control
The Physiology of Obesity
Set point and metabolism
The genetic factor
The food and activity factors
Social influence

21. Obesity and Weight Control

23. The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle
Excitement phase
Plateau phase
Orgasm
Resolution phase
Refractory period

24. Physiological Response
The Physiology of Sex
with purpose of treating disorders
Masters and Johnson (1966) describe the human sexual response to consist of four phases:
Phase
Physiological Response
Excitement
Genitals become engorged with blood. Vagina expands secretes lubricant. Penis enlarges.
Plateau
Excitement peaks such as breathing, pulse and blood pressure.
Orgasm
Contractions all over the body. Increase in breathing, pulse & blood pressure. Sexual release.
Resolution
Engorged genital release blood. Male goes through refractory phase. Women resolve faster.
OBJECTIVE 9| Describe the human sexual response.

25. The Physiology of Sex Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias
Erectile disorder
Premature ejaculation
Female orgasmic disorder
Paraphilias- abnormal sexual desires
Exhibitionism, fetishism, pedophilia
Treat with:
behavior therapy and drugs such as Viagra.

26. The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Effects of hormones
Development of sexual characteristics
Activate sexual behavior
Estrogen
Testosterone
Male
Testes
Testosterone
(Small amounts of estrogen)
Female
Ovaries
Adrenals
Estrogen
(Small amounts of testosterone)

27. Testosterone
Levels of testosterone remain constant in males, so it is difficult to manipulate and activate sexual behavior. Castration, which reduces testosterone levels, lowers sexual interest.

28. Estrogen
Female animals “in heat” express peak levels of estrogen. Female receptivity may be heightened with estrogen injections.
Sex hormones may have milder affects on humans than on animals. Women are more likely to have sex when close to ovulation (increased testosterone), and men show increased testosterone levels when socializing with women.

29. The Psychology of Sex External stimuli Imagined stimuli Dreams
Sexual fantasies

30. External Stimuli
It is common knowledge that men become sexually aroused when browsing through erotic material. However, women experience similar heightened arousal under controlled conditions.

31. Imagined Stimuli
Our imagination in our brain can influence sexual arousal and desire. People with spinal cord injuries and no genital sensation can still feel sexual desire.
Sotographs/The Gamma-Liaison Network/ Getty Images

32. The Psychology of Sex

34. Introduction Aristotle’s social animal
Need to belong – affiliation need

35. The Benefits of Belonging
Enhanced survival
How belonging influences our thoughts and emotions
Attachment
Anxious attachment
Insecure avoidant attachment

36. The Pain of Being Shut Out
Ostracism
Cyberostracism
Anterior cingulate cortex
Influences on behavior

37. Connecting and Social Networking Mobile Networks and Social Media
Cell phones
Texting and
Facebook and twitter

38. Have social networking sites made us more, or less, socially isolated?
Connecting and Social Networking The Social Effects of Social Networking
Have social networking sites made us more, or less, socially isolated?
Does electronic communication stimulate healthy self-disclosure?
Do social networking profiles and posts reflect people’s actual personalities?
Does social networking promote narcissism?

40. Cognition and Emotion Emotions Bodily arousal Expressive behaviors
Conscious experience

41. Cognition and Emotion Historical Emotion Theories
Common Sense theory
James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard theory
Lower spine injuries
High spinal cord injury

42. Two-factor theory Schachter-Singer Spillover effect
Cognition and Emotion Cognition Can Define Emotion: Schachter and Singer
Two-factor theory
Schachter-Singer
Spillover effect

43. LeDoux’s high and low road
Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus
Robert Zajonc
LeDoux’s high and low road

44. Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus

45. Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus

46. Cognition and Emotion Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux & Lazarus

59. Embodied Emotion

60. Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic nervous system
arousing
Parasympathetic nervous system
Calming
Yerkes Dodson Law
Fight or flee

61. Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

62. Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

63. Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

64. Embodied Emotion The Physiology of Emotions
Insula
Brain circuits
Left frontal lobe

65. Module 42: Expressed Emotion

67. Detecting Emotion in Others

68. Detecting Emotion in Others
Nonverbal cues
Duchenne smile

69. Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

70. Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

71. Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

72. Culture and Emotional Expression

73. Culture and Emotional Expression

74. Culture and Emotional Expression

75. The Effects of Facial Expressions

76. The Effects of Facial Expressions
Facial feedback effect
Health psychology

77. Module 43: Stress and Health

79. Stress: Some Basic Concepts

80. Stress: Some Basic Concepts
Stress appraisal

81. Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stressors – Things that Push Our Buttons
Catastrophes
Significant life changes
Daily hassles

82. Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
Tend-and-befriend

83. Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

84. Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

85. Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

86. Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

87. Module 44: Stress and Illness

89. Introduction Psychophysiological illnesses Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Macrophage
Natural killer cells (NK cells)

100. Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

101. Stress and Susceptibility to Disease
Stress and AIDS
Stress and Cancer
Stress and Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease
Type A
Type B

102. Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

103. Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

104. Stress and Susceptibility to Disease

105. The End

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107. Teacher Information Unit Coding
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Psychology’s History and Approaches
Research Methods
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Sensation and Perception
States of Consciousness
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Motivation, Emotion, and Stress
Developmental Psychology
Personality
Testing and Individual Differences
Abnormal Psychology
Treatment of Abnormal Behavior
Social Psychology

108. Teacher Information
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113. Definition Slides

114. Motivation
= a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

115. Instinct
= a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species.

116. Drive-Reduction Theory
= the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

117. Homeostasis
= a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

118. Incentive
= a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior.

119. Yerkes-Dodson Law
= the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

120. Hierarchy of Needs
= Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

121. Glucose
= the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

122. Set Point
= the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

123. Basal Metabolic Rate
= the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

124. Sexual Response Cycle
= the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

125. Refractory Period
= a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

126. Sexual Dysfunction
= a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.

127. Estrogens
= sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

128. Testosterone
= the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

129. Emotion = a response of the whole organism, involving
(1) physiological arousal,
(2) expressive behaviors, and
(3) conscious experience.

130. James-Lange Theory
= the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

131. Cannon-Bard Theory
= the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers
(1) physiological responses and
(2) the subjective experience of emotion.

132. Two-Factor Theory
= the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) by physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

133. Polygraph
= a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.

134. Facial Feedback Effect
= the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, and happiness.

135. Health Psychology
= a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.

136. Stress
= the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

137. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
= Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases – alarm, resistance, exhausion.

138. Tend-and-Befriend Response
= under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

139. Psychophysiological Illness
= literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

140. Psychoneuroimmunology
= the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

141. Lymphocytes
= the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

142. Coronary Heart Disease
= the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.

143. Type A
= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

144. Type B
= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.