2. Types of Speeches
Informative
Persuasive
Special Occasion

3. General Purposes
To Inform
To Persuade
To Entertain

4. Goals of Informative Speaking
Enhance Understanding
Maintain Interest
To be Remembered

5. Types of Informative Speeches
Objects: Anything visible, tangible, stable in form
Processes / Procedures:
How to do Something / How something works
People: Biography
Events: Anything that happens or is happening
Ideas / Concepts: Beliefs, Theories, Notions
See Table on pp

6. Strategies to Enhance Audience Understanding
Define Ideas Clearly
Define By Example
Operational Definitions

7. Strategies to Enhance Audience Understanding
Use Principles and Techniques of Adult Learning (Andragogy)
Give Information Listeners Can Use Immediately
Actively Involve Listeners in the Learning Process
Relate Content to Listeners’ Own Experiences
Explain Relevancy to the Listeners’ Needs

8. Strategies to Enhance Audience Understanding
Clarify Complex Processes
Analogies (Comparisons) and Models
Word Pictures (Form Mental Images)
Vivid Descriptions (More Detailed Than a Definition – Answers Who, What, Where, Why and When)
Use Effective Visual Reinforcement

9. Strategies to Enhance Audience Interest
Establish a Motive for Listening
Tell a Story
Include: Conflict, Action, Suspense, Humor
Present Information that Relates to Listeners

10. Strategies to Enhance Audience Recall
Build in Redundancy
Repeat Key Points
Use signposting and internal previews & summaries
Pace Your Information Flow
Balance the content – Do not overwhelm the audience

11. Strategies to Enhance Audience Recall
Reinforce Key Ideas Verbally
Verbal Spotlights
Reinforce Key Ideas Nonverbally
Use gestures, vocal variety and movement to enhance content

12. Evidence and Credibility
Persuasion Defined
The Process of Changing or Reinforcing:
Attitudes
Beliefs
Values
Behaviors
Evidence and Credibility
are Key Factors

13. Types of Persuasive Speeches
Speeches to Influence Thinking
Speeches to Motivate Action
Propositions / Questions of:
Fact: True / False
Value: Right/Wrong, Good/Bad
Policy: Fact + Value + Solution
(Need-Plan-Practicality)

14. Persuasion vs. Manipulation
Persuasion involves convincing members of an audience to agree of their own free will
Manipulation - involves shrewd or devious management of facts for the speaker's own purpose.

15. Targets of Persuasion:
1. Affective – Change in attitude
2. Cognitive - change in belief - goal is a degree of certainty
3. Behavioral - performance of some action or the abstention from action - the goal is the most desired result
4. Behavioral Intent - an observational change with a promise for future action.
The more you target, the more you persuade.

16. Motivational Appeals Sanctions – Rewards or Punishment
Emotional Appeals
Positive: hope, joy, pride, love
Negative: fear, envy, disgust, contempt
Fear Appeals
Needs - Appeals to Human Motivations and Values
Rationales – Logic and Reasoning

17. How to Motivate Listeners
Use Positive Motivation
Know that listeners value
Appeal to those values
Translate into benefits
Use Negative Motivation (fear appeals)
Direct at loved ones
The threat must be perceived as being real
Credibility of the speaker is important

18. Special Occasion Speeches
Speeches of:
Introduction
Presentation
Acceptance
Commemorative Speeches (Tribute)
After-Dinner Speeches

19. Topic Selection

20. Topic Selection Steps Choose Your Topic (Select and Narrow)
Determine Your General Purpose
Determine Your Specific Purpose
Phrase Your Central Idea (Thesis)

21. Select and Narrow Your Topic
Guidelines For Selecting A Topic
Consider the Audience
Interests
Experiences
Knowledge
Consider the Occasion
Consider Yourself

22. Focus on Audience and Occasion Appropriateness
Tips for Selection
Focus on Audience and Occasion Appropriateness
Consider:
Your Knowledge and Experiences
Your Expertise / Training
What You Want to Know More About
What Is Not Overdone
What Is Timely/Timeless

23. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
Self-Actualization
Self-Esteem
Social / Love
Safety and Security
Physiological / Survival

24. Other Considerations Match Your Own Personality / Style
Universal Interest
Appeal to Both Genders
Not Overdone in the Media
Have Solid Support and Structure

25. Strategies for Topic Selection
Brainstorming
Literature Search
Listening
Scanning Web Directories

26. Sample Narrowing of a Topic
Cancer
Skin Cancer
Skin Cancer Treatments
The Latest Development in The Treatment of Skin Cancer

27. General Purposes
To Inform
To Persuade
To Entertain

28. The Specific Purpose and Central Idea
Specific Purpose: The precise goal the speaker wants to achieve
The Central Idea (Thesis Statement): The key concept of the speech

29. To inform my audience about the latest treatment for skin cancer.
Specific Purpose
Use Precise Language
Limit the Purpose to a Single Idea
The Purpose Must Meet the Audience’s Needs
To inform my audience about the latest treatment for skin cancer.

30. Develop Your Central Idea/Thesis
A Complete Declarative Sentence
(An Assertion/ Claim)
There is an amazing new treatment available for individuals who have been diagnosed with skin cancer.
Use Specific Language
Keep to A Single Idea
Be Audience-Centered (Appropriate)

31. Central Idea Writing Specific Purpose:
To inform my audience about the latest development in the treatment of skin cancer.
Central Idea:
There is an amazing new treatment available for individuals who have been diagnosed with skin cancer.
Preview Statement:
To better understand this new treatment, we will look first at its development, second at how the treatment works to fight the cancer and finally at the plans to implement this treatment throughout the United States.

32. Developing Main Points
Does the Central Idea Have Logical Divisions?
Can You Establish Reasons the Central Idea Is True
Can You Support the Central Idea With Specific Steps