1. UNIT 11: MEASUREMENT

2. A. Definition
A procedure in which a researcher assigns numbers or other symbols to variables according to rules.
While management researchers are interested in concepts, they tend to measure indicators of the concepts.

3. Concepts may not be observed directly e.g. motivation, competition etc.
For multifaceted concepts, one has to use multiple indicators to measure the concepts.

4. Indicators should not be selected arbitrarily
Indicators should not be selected arbitrarily. They should be grounded in both the theory and the empirical world.
Indicators are specified by operational definitions.

5. B. Levels of Measurement
Nominal level
Numbers assigned to objects to categorise them
All identical objects are assigned the same number

6. Ordinal level
In addition to categorisation, or ordinal measurement allows for ranking
Internal level
Allows for ranking
Distances between observations are constant

7. Rational level
- Variables have natural zero points
- Has properties of all the other levels
The data collected will determine the
type of analysis to be carried out.