1. ∆ 𝒕 Evolution: = 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
Change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
∆ 𝒕
= 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
Tiktaalik: Transitional fossil

2. Take a minute and write down everything you know about DNA
End

3. Take a minute and write down everything you know about Chromosomes
End

4. Inheritance:
Take a minute and write down everything you know about how traits are inherited
End

5. Genes & Alleles
Take a minute and write down everything you know about genes and alleles
End

6. Phenotype and Genotype
Take a minute and write down everything you know about phenotype and genotype
End

7. And the evolution of plants
Phylogeny
And the evolution of plants

8. Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a species

9. What is a plant?

10. All Land Plants (Embryophytes):
Alternation of Generations
Roots & Shoots
Cuticle (prevents water loss)

11. Bryophytes: Mosses, Liverworts and Hornwarts
What makes them special?
No vascular tissue
Can’t transport nutrients -> limited size
Need water to reproduce
No seeds

12. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Nonvascular Plants
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Vascular Plants
Time
(vascular tissue)
Ancestral Algae
(Autotroph)

13. Ferns: Seedless Vascular Plants
What makes them special?
No seeds
Need water to reproduce

14. Ancestral Algae Time (Seeds) (vascular tissue) (Autotroph)
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Seeded Vascular Plants
Ferns
Time
(Seeds)
(vascular tissue)
Ancestral Algae
(Autotroph)

15. Gymnosperm (conifers, gingkoes, cycads)
What makes them special?
Wind pollination, Seeds,
No flowers

16. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Ferns
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
Flowers,
Time
(Seeds)
(vascular tissue)
Ancestral Algae
(Autotroph)

17. Angiosperm (Flowering Plants)
What makes them special?
Flowers- pollination by animals
Double fertilization
Seed doesn't develop w/out pollination

18. Modeling Phylogenetic Trees
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Ferns
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
Time
Look at the Nodes
Ancestral Algae

19. Any of the branches can be rotated at the nodes:
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Ferns
Angiosperm
Gymnosperm
Time
Look at the Nodes
Ancestral Algae

20. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Are Angiosperm more closely related to Ferns, or to mosses/liverworts and hornworts?
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Ferns
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
Time
Ferns

21. Neither: They are equally related
Are Ferns more closely related to Angiosperm, or to Gymosperm?
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
Ferns
Time
Neither: They are equally related

22. Notice in this case the direction of the tree- and that the groups we built on ours are further divided- the tree we build was a very simplified version.

23. Which direction is time flowing?
Is pricklypear more closely related to buckwheat or to beets?
Is spinach more closely related to rhubarb or to wheat?

24. Which direction is time flowing?
Is this the same tree? Is one tree better than the other? Why?

25. Which direction is time flowing?
Are the cycads more closely related to horsetails or to gnetophytes? How can you tell?
Are grapeferns more closely related to clubmosses or Conifers? Why?

26. Again- note that this includes more specific groups- species, rather than classes or phyla- phylogentic trees can vary on how specific they are.

27. Note the more artistic rendition of the tree. Which way is time flowing? Are the conifers more closely related to ferns, or to mosses?

28. Which way is time flowing? How can you tell?
Is this tree easier or harder to read? Why would someone choose to represent a phylogeny this way?
Which of the flowers besides the white (not a daisy) is more closely related to it? Can you tell?

29. Note that bacteria have been incorrectly lumped together
Note that bacteria have been incorrectly lumped together. This is an older version of the tree. It is, however, relatively clear and simple.

30. Tree of Life
This is part of the massive attempt to create a tree for all life on earth. The picture on the website allows for better more refined viewing. That it is mostly animals is not a reflection fo the % of species on earth that are animals, but on the species that we as humans tend to be most interested in.

31. Tree of Life

32. Bonus Opportunity Fantasy Phylogeny
Create a phylogenetic tree of fantasy creatures
Include at least 5 creatures
Include descriptions of creatures
Describe characteristic that is associated with each node
(example: seeds, vascular tissue in plants)

33. Lizard Lab
3 Parts- must be done sequentially. When you complete part 1, return that handout and pickup the next.
Turn in at end of class- we will be working on them next class also. They are due on _____

34. Evolution: A more technical definition
the change in allele __________ in a population, over _________.
frequency
time

35. Mechanisms of Evolution
Mutation
Change in the DNA code
“Instant Evolution”
Almost always harmful. Why?

36. Mechanisms of Evolution
Migration
Movement of organisms in or out of a population
Changes allele frequency

37. Mechanisms of Evolution
_________which is a ______ error.
____________in which a population is isolated from the parent population.
This new population is a random sample of the original, containing different
______________
Genetic Drift
sampling
Founder Effect
Allele frequencies

38. Mechanisms of Evolution
_________which is a ______ error.
___________ in which a population declines rapidly, so that only a small number of members remains. The remaining members are essentially ______, and have different _________ than the parent population.
______ underwent this. The population shares ____% of their DNA- they are more closely related than most _____.
Genetic Drift
sampling
Bottleneck Effect
a random sample
Allele frequencies
Cheetahs 99
siblings

39. Mechanisms of Evolution
______ _______ was proposed by ______ _____ in The Origin of Species. Conditions:
There must be _______
The ________must be ________
More are ____ than will _________.
Some ________ survive better than others.
Natural Selection
Charles Darwin
variation
variation
heritable
born
survive
variations

40. Mechanisms of Evolution
______ _______ increases __________, which is measured in the number of offspring an individual has, relative to other members of its species..
Natural Selection
fitness

41. Definitions: Genotype vs Phenotype
What your genes are; 2 alleles
What you look like; your appearance

42. Genotype or Phenotype?
The bunny has brown fur…
Phenotype

43. Genotype Genotype or Phenotype?
Lucy is a carrier for X-linked color blindness.
Genotype

44. Genotype or Phenotype?
The flowers are pink.
Phenotype

45. Genotype or Phenotype?
The plants are short
Phenotype

46. Definitions: Dominant & Recessive
Represented by a capital letter
Single copy determines the trait
“overrides” other alleles
Represented by a lower-case letter
Can be “masked”

47. Recessive Dominant or Recessive The “O” in blood types
It may be helpful to know that an individual with an AO genotype has type A, and an individual with BO has type B, while an individual with OO has blood type O

48. Dominant Dominant or Recessive
If an individual inherits even a single copy of the allele associated with Huntington’s disease, the individual will develop the disease.

49. Recessive Dominant or Recessive
Brown-eyed parents sometimes have blue-eyed children. Is the blue eyed allele dominant, or recessive?

50. Definitions: Homozygous & Heterozygous
Homo- prefix meaning same
Refers to an organism with 2 identical copies
of an allele. Example: AA or aa
Hetero- prefix meaning different
Refers to an organism with 2 different alleles
Example: Aa

51. A) homozygous dominant… B) homozygous recessive… C) heterozygous…?AA
Homozygous dominant

52. A) homozygous dominant… B) homozygous recessive… C) heterozygous…?Aa
Heterozygous

53. A) homozygous dominant… B) homozygous recessive… C) heterozygous…?
An individual is a carrier for sickle cell disease
Heterozygous

54. A) homozygous dominant… B) homozygous recessive… C) heterozygous…?
Pure breeding purple flowers, given that crossing purple and white flowers will result in purple flowers.
Homozygous dominant

55. A) homozygous dominant… B) homozygous recessive… C) heterozygous…?
An individual with O blood type.
Homozygous recessive

56. AA Write the genotype: Homozygous dominant
(use ‘A’ and ‘a’ to represent the alleles) AA

57. Write the genotype:
An individual that will not develop Huntington's disease. aa

58. Write the genotype:
An individual with blue eyes. Use ’B’ and ‘b’ to represent the alleles bb

59. Write the genotype:
Mary has type A, blood type, but her father had type O. AO

60. Hardy-Weinberg Principle
allele
Principle stating that _______ frequencies do not _____ unless there is a factor causing change
change

61. Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Assumes:
Large population
No Migration
Random Mating
No Mutations
No Selection

62. Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Equations: 𝑝+𝑞=1
Where 𝑝 is: frequency of the dominant allele
Where 𝑞 is: frequency of the recessive allele
Have students highlight the equation

63. Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Equations: 𝑝 2 +2𝑝𝑞+ 𝑞 2 =1
Where 𝑝 2 is: frequency of homozygous dominant genotype in population
Where 𝑞 2 is: frequency of homozygous recessive genotype in population
Where 2𝑝𝑞 is: frequency of heterozygous genotype in population
Have students highlight the equation

64. Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Video on how to solve Hardy-Weinberg problems
Have students write 3 steps for solving HW equations

65. If the frequency of the dominant allele is .3
What is the frequency of the recessive allele?
Given:
𝑝=.3
Equation:
𝑝+𝑞=1
𝑞=1−𝑝
𝑞=1−.3
𝑞=.7

66. If the frequency of the dominant allele is .3
What percentage of the population will be heterozygous for the trait?
𝑝=.3
𝑞=.7
Equation:
𝑝 2 +2𝑝𝑞+ 𝑞 2 =1
Calculate 2pq
2𝑝𝑞=2∙ .3 ∙(.7)
2𝑝𝑞=.42
So, 42%

67. Solve:
The frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype is What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for the dominant allele?
Given:
Find:
𝑝 2 =
𝑞=.09
𝑝+𝑞=1
.83
(.91) 2 =
𝑝=1−𝑞
𝑝=1−.09
𝑝=.91

68. Solve:
The frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype is In a population of 1000, how many would have the dominant phenotype ?
Given:
Find:
𝑞=.09
1000∗(2𝑝𝑞+ 𝑝 2 )=
𝑝=.91
1000∗(2 (.09)(.91)+(.91) 2 )=
9938

69. Solve:
If the frequency of two alleles in a gene pool is 90% A and 10% a, what is the frequency of individuals in the population with the genotype Aa?
Find:
Given:
2𝑝𝑞=
𝑝=.9
)=.18
𝑞=.1

70. Solve:
In humans, Rh-positive individuals have the Rh antigen on their red blood cells, while Rh-negative individuals do not. If the Rh-positive phenotype is produced by a dominant gene (A), and the Rh-negative phenotype is due to its recessive allele (a), what is the frequency of the Rh-positive allele if 84% of a population is Rh-positive?
Given:
Find:
2𝑝𝑞+ 𝑝 2 =.84 𝑝= 𝑝=
𝑝 2 +2𝑝𝑞+ 𝑞 2 =1
𝑝+𝑞=1
𝑞 2 =1-( 𝑝 2 +2𝑝𝑞)
𝑞 2 =1-.84
𝑞 2 =.16
𝑞 2 = .16
𝑞=.4

71. Linking HW to Genetic Drift
Bozeman Bio:

72. Hardy-Weinberg Problems
Problem 1- first set of
Hardy-Weinberg Problems