1. TOPIC 6: INSTRUMENTS OF FOREIGN POLICY
SSA 2O24: FPA & IR
TOPIC 6: INSTRUMENTS OF FOREIGN POLICY

2. How do we understand the place and role of particular FP instruments?
How effective are various instruments?

3. Diplomacy Economic Rewards and Coercion Propaganda Military power
INSTRUMENTS IN FP
Diplomacy
Economic Rewards and Coercion
Propaganda
Military power

4. WHAT ARE THE INSTRUMENTS IN FP?

5. DIPLOMACY

6. "Diplomacy is to do and say the nastiest things in the nicest way
"Diplomacy is to do and say the nastiest things in the nicest way." -Isaac Goldberg
"A diplomat is a person who can tell you to go to hell in such a way that you actually look forward to the trip." – Caskie Stinnett

7. WHAT IS DIPLOMACY?
The art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of groups/states. (Holsti, 1992)
verbal discussion with the intent to influence, or negotiate on a given issue/ national interest for a mutually acceptable outcome. (Aiken, 2005)

8. TYPES OF DIPLOMACY TRACK-ONE DIPLOMACY official governmental diplomacy
communications from one government go directly to the other government
heads of state, state department or ministry of foreign affairs officials

9. Unofficial dialogue and problem-solving activities
TRACK-TWO DIPLOMACY
Unofficial dialogue and problem-solving activities
involve influential academic, religious, and NGO leaders and other civil society actors. 

10. DIPLOMATIC RECOGNITION
a unilateral political act - a state acknowledges an act or status of another state
determines whether a nation is an independent state

11. U.S did not recognized Taiwan as independent country.
unofficial commercial and cultural relations maintained through an unofficial instrument, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office.

12. Arab States did not recognized Israel due to the Israel-Palestine conflict.
Unrecognized regions : Abkhazia, Somaliland, and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus are diplomatically isolated (lack of eco and political importance).

13. DIPLOMACY AS A SOFT POWER
Panda Diplomacy
use of  pandas as diplomatic gifts to other countries.
gift of two pandas to the U.S in 1972 after President Nixon's visit to China

14. South Korea's Hallyu diplomacy
  a soft power tool to engage with the masses of young people all over the world, and to reduce anti-Korean sentiment.
In the 21st century, culture is power.
—South Korean president Park Geun-hye

15. DIPLOMATS
“a person appointed by a state to conduct diplomacy with another state or international organization”

16. DIPLOMATS
Ambassador
Consulate
Attache

17. The Functions of Diplomats
Protection of Nationals
Symbolic Representation
Obtaining information
Providing advice and making overall policies

18. PROPAGANDA

19. WHAT IS PROPAGANDA?
Ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to further one’s cause or to damage an opposing cause. (Jowett, 2006)
attempts to influence the behavior of people by affecting their perceptions, attitudes and opinions.

20. STATE A STATE B INFLUENCE GOVERNMENT (STATE B)
ATTITUDES OR ACTIONS FAVORABLE TO STATE A
INFLUENCE
GROUP, ORGANIZATIONS
STATE A
STATE B

21. Types of Propaganda Gray propaganda Black propaganda White propaganda
• true sources, uses facts, truthful messages
Gray propaganda
• does not specifically identified sources, conceals its originator
Black propaganda
• spread false information as truth to audience

22. WHITE PROPAGANDA
a source that is identified correctly, information tends to be accurate.
The Voice of America (VOA) - white propaganda unit because it presents a positive image of the United States.

23. Vietnamese  War Remnants Museum (Ho Chi Minh)
educate foreigners, especially Americans, about the war, but based on Vietnamese interpretation of events. 

24. linking American soldiers to aggressive and criminal actions

26. GRAY PROPAGANDA
the source may or may not be correctly identified and the accuracy of the information in uncertain.
During the Cold War, the Soviet Union used examples of American racism to slow U.S. advances throughout Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

27. BLACK PROPAGANDA
the source is concealed or credited to a false authority and spreads lies and deceptions.
WWI, Germany persuade French soldiers to abandon their units by posting large signs advising them that British men were engaging in sexual relations with the soldiers' wives.

28. HOW EFFECTIVE IS PROPAGANDA IN FP?
Hard to identify the impact on attitudes and actions.
does not create new attitudes or lead to any particular actions.
only to keep in contact with foreign audiences and to maintain awareness of the general FP goals .

29. ECONOMIC REWARDS AND COERCION

30. Economic Sanction
"coercive economic measures taken against more countries to force a change in demonstrate a country's opinion about the other's policies.“ (Carter, 1988)

31. Why do state apply economic sanctions
Why do state apply economic sanctions? to condemn or coerce change in the behavior of another country that violates important international standards or threatens national interests (Holsti, 1979)

32. Multilateral economic sanctions against South Africa imposed in 1985/1986 in response to its policies of racial segregation (apartheid).

33. Economic sanction : Does it works?
less successful in achieving the most prominently stated goal of making the target country comply with the sanctioning nation’s stated wishes.
can raise the cost of trade and finance to the targeted nations, but in most cases have not ruined their economies.
most effective when they are applied multilaterally.

34. Failure of Iranian Sanction
U.S campaigned for European friends to join in
sanctions against Iran by blocking investment in Iran's oil fields in 1995, some of Europe declined (they were running out of fuel sources)

35. Failure of Russian Sanction
U.S economic and financial measures imposed to date haven't been effective in deterring Putin's ambitions in Ukraine.
maximalist financial isolation campaign alone may not be enough to stop Russian adventurism.

36. How likely is it that sanctions will achieve the stated goal?
considers geographic, volume of trade, relative wealth, and membership in trading bloc that determine the success or failure of a unilaterally imposed sanctions regime.
How important to the targeted country is our economic cooperation?

37. ECONOMIC AID
The transfer of money, goods, technology or technical advice from a donor to a receipent.
other functions besides humanitarian: it may be given to signal diplomatic approval, strengthen a military ally, reward a government for behavior desired by the donor.
E.G: Marshall Plan – U.S to counter communism in the third world countries.

38. INTELLIGENCE

39. To assist policy makers with national security issues.
process of collecting and generating intelligence from multiple sources such as data and information
To assist policy makers with national security issues.

41. Covert action Secret activity to influence the behavior of foreign gov
Financial support to political parties, covert propaganda, training of individual, assassination, etc.

42. Objective – e.g: overthrow regime, defeat insurgent force
US covert action:
Iran (1953) – change regime from Mossadeq to Pahlavi (OPERATION AJAX)
Indonesia- overturn Sukarno and support Suharto
Chile – overthrow Allende and support of Pinochet
OPERATION NEPTUNE SPEAR – killed Osama Laden in Pakistan (2011)

43. MILITARY

44. MILITARY MODERNIZATION
China modernization program has increased its ability to engage the U.S close to Chinese shores.
PLA has the most people million active personnel.
Slowly seen as threat to U.S

45. MILITARY PROCUREMENT SOUTH CHINA SEA DISPUTES
China's assertive stance provoked a surge of military spending by Vietnam.
Vietnam ordered six Kilo-class submarines from Russia.

46. U.S MILITARY INTERVENTION IN SYRIA & IRAQ
using military force to destroy the ISIS terrorist network (War on Terror).
negative precedent of engaging in armed conflict without official congressional approval.

47. E.g:The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1941)
Nuclear weapons
E.g:The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1941)
Deterrence - The use of military threats as a means to deter international crises and war
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) –US & SOVIET (cold war) – reduction of nuclear

48. WAR
United Nations Charter in (Article 2) , “All members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered [and shall] refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.”
no longer works.
does not produce the desired change
aggressive use of war in most of the situations has been illegal.